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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Operational amplifiers (op-amp) are used in signal conditioning, filtering, or for performing mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, integration, and differentiation. The frequency response of an op-amp is an important aspect that describes how the gain of the amplifier varies with frequency.
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Updated: Sep 18, 2025

Design and Characterization Methodology for Efficient Wide Range Tunable MEMS Filters
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Passive Frequency Tunability in Moiré-Inspired Frequency Selective Surfaces Based on Full-Wave Simulation.

Jieun Hwang1, Sungcheol Hong2

  • 1Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.

Micromachines
|June 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers demonstrate passive frequency tunability in frequency-selective surfaces (FSSs) using Moiré patterns. Rotational misalignment of FSS layers shifts resonance frequency without active components, offering a simple, power-efficient solution.

Keywords:
Moiré patternbandstop filterelectromagnetic surface designfrequency-selective surfacesfull-wave simulationmetamaterialspassive tunability

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Area of Science:

  • Electromagnetics
  • Metamaterials
  • Nanophotonics

Background:

  • Frequency-selective surfaces (FSSs) are crucial for controlling electromagnetic wave propagation.
  • Traditional FSSs often require active components for frequency tuning, increasing complexity and power consumption.
  • Developing passive tuning mechanisms is essential for simpler, more efficient electromagnetic devices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate passive frequency tunability in FSSs using Moiré pattern interference.
  • To demonstrate a geometry-based tuning method that avoids active components.
  • To explore the potential of Moiré-patterned FSSs for reconfigurable electromagnetic applications.

Main Methods:

  • Full-wave electromagnetic simulations using High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS).
  • Overlapping two identical hexagonal FSS layers with controlled rotational misalignment.
  • Analyzing the shift in resonance frequency as a function of rotational angle.

Main Results:

  • Significant shifts in FSS resonance frequency were achieved solely through geometrical manipulation.
  • Rotating the second FSS layer from 0° to 30° shifted the resonant frequency from 4.4 GHz to 1.2 GHz.
  • The Moiré pattern interference effectively modulated the FSS periodicity, enabling passive tuning.

Conclusions:

  • Moiré pattern interference offers a novel and effective method for passive frequency tuning in FSSs.
  • This approach provides a low-complexity, power-efficient alternative to active tuning methods.
  • Potential applications include passive reconfigurable filters, tunable absorbers, and refractive index sensors.