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Deformation occurs in axial and transverse directions when an axial load is applied to a slender bar. This deformation impacts the cubic element within the bar, transforming it into either a rectangular parallelepiped or a rhombus, contingent on its orientation. This transformation process induces shearing strain. Axial loading elicits both shearing and normal strains. Applying an axial load instigates equal normal and shearing stresses on elements oriented at a 45° angle to the load axis.
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When analyzing a bent tube with a circular cross-section subjected to multiple forces, it is crucial to determine the stress distribution in order to maintain structural integrity under varied load conditions.
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In a nonhomogeneous rod made up of steel and brass, restrained at both ends and subjected to a temperature change, several steps are involved in calculating the stress and compressive load. Due to the problem's static indeterminacy, one end support is disconnected, allowing the rod to experience the temperature change freely. Next, an unknown force is applied at the free end, triggering deformations in the rod's steel and brass portions. These deformations are then calculated and added...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 18, 2025

Characterization of Full Set Material Constants and Their Temperature Dependence for Piezoelectric Materials Using Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy
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Multiphysics-Coupled Load-Bearing Capacity of Piezoelectric Stacks in Low-Temperature Environments.

Yang Li1, Yongping Zheng1, Leipeng Song1

  • 1School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study quantifies how temperature, prestress, and voltage affect piezoelectric stack load capacity. Findings reveal voltage enhances capacity, prestress amplifies it, while cold temperatures and low frequencies degrade performance.

Keywords:
load-bearing capacitypiezoelectric stack actuatorsthermo-electro-mechanical coupling

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Area of Science:

  • Multiphysics engineering
  • Smart material characterization
  • Instrumentation systems

Background:

  • Piezoelectric stack performance is governed by complex thermo-electro-mechanical interactions.
  • Understanding these coupled effects is crucial for applications under extreme conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an integrated platform for quantifying load-bearing capacity dependencies in piezoelectric stacks.
  • To analyze the influence of temperature, prestress, and excitation voltage on performance.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a cantilever-based sensing mechanism to measure bending strain as a load-bearing capacity metric.
  • Employed a particle swarm-optimized theoretical framework for actuator and sensor configuration.
  • Conducted experiments under varying temperature, prestress, and excitation voltage conditions.

Main Results:

  • Observed a linear enhancement of load-bearing capacity with increasing excitation voltage.
  • Quantified prestress amplification (79-90%) and thermal attenuation (15-30%) of static performance.
  • Identified frequency-dependent degradation (1-6 Hz) in dynamic load-bearing capacity.

Conclusions:

  • The developed platform enables precise evaluation of smart material behavior under coupled-field conditions.
  • Established a foundation for designing robust multiphysics-compatible instrumentation systems.
  • Highlighted critical factors influencing piezoelectric stack performance in extreme environments.