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Related Concept Videos

Long-patch Base Excision Repair01:02

Long-patch Base Excision Repair

Since the discovery of the two BER pathways, there has been a debate about how a cell chooses one pathway over the other and the factors determining this selection. Numerous in vitro experiments have pointed out multiple determinants for the sub-pathway selection. These are:
Mechanism of Lamellipodia Formation01:31

Mechanism of Lamellipodia Formation

Cells migrating in response to external stimuli form lamellipodia, which are thin membrane protrusions supported by a mesh of linked, branched, or unbranched actin filaments. These actin filaments interact with myosin motor proteins, creating the dynamic actomyosin complex within the cytoskeleton. Contractility, or the ability to generate contractile stress, is inherent to the actomyosin complex. It helps cells detect the stiffness of the surrounding ECM and exert contractile force for...
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
Fascicle Arrangement in Skeletal Muscles01:25

Fascicle Arrangement in Skeletal Muscles

Fascicles are bundles of muscle fibers in a skeletal muscle. Muscle fascicle arrangement is directly associated with the power and range of motion of various muscles. The configuration of these fascicles can vary, leading to different functional outcomes.
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Deformation in a Circular Shaft01:10

Deformation in a Circular Shaft

One of the distinctive characteristics of circular shafts is their ability to maintain their cross-sectional integrity under torsion. In other words, each cross-section continues to exist as a flat, unaltered entity, simply rotating like a solid, rigid slab. To understand the distribution of shearing stress within such a shaft, consider a cylindrical section inside this circular shaft. This section has a length of L and a radius of R, with one end fixed. The radius of the cylindrical section is...
Plastic Deformation in Circular Shafts01:20

Plastic Deformation in Circular Shafts

When materials are subjected to forces that surpass their yield strength, they undergo a process known as plastic deformation. This results in a permanent alteration or strain in their structure. This concept can be specifically applied to circular shafts, where the deformation leads to a change in its shape. The precise evaluation of this plastic deformation requires understanding the stress distribution within the circular shaft, which is achieved by calculating the maximum shearing stress in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Microarray Analysis for Saccharomyces cerevisiae
13:17

Microarray Analysis for Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Published on: April 7, 2011

13.8K

Becoming fully circular facilitated by PAT.

Tobias Eifert1,2, Martin Gerlach2,3, Katharina Dahlmann2,4

  • 1, Covestro, Uerdingen, Krefeld, Germany.

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
|June 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Process analytical technologies (PAT) enhance industrial efficiency and sustainability through real-time monitoring. This review highlights PAT applications in recycling, biotech, and pharmaceutical production, showcasing its vital role in modern quality by design.

Keywords:
Infrared spectroscopyProcess analytical technologyQuantum cascade laser vibrational circular dichroismSingle-use technologySolid-phase extraction ion-chromatography conductivity

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Microarray Analysis for Saccharomyces cerevisiae
13:17

Microarray Analysis for Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Published on: April 7, 2011

13.8K

Area of Science:

  • Chemical Engineering
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Process Control

Background:

  • Process Analytical Technologies (PAT) have driven industrial process improvements for over 20 years.
  • Real-time monitoring is crucial for process control, knowledge acquisition, and Quality by Design (QbD).
  • Advancements in instrumentation and data analysis solidify PAT's role in QbD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To celebrate the 20th anniversary of Arbeitskreis PAT of the GDCh.
  • To present diverse use cases of PAT in current and future industrial processes.
  • To provide a perspective on future PAT developments.

Main Methods:

  • Review of five distinct PAT application examples.
  • Utilization of techniques including online solid-phase extraction, ion-chromatography, NIR/mid-IR spectroscopy, and VCD.
  • Focus on monitoring sustainable processes and product safety.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated PAT's impact on sustainable process monitoring (water, solvent, plastic recycling).
  • Showcased PAT in biotechnological production with single-use technology.
  • Illustrated PAT for pharmaceutical product safety and real-time release testing.

Conclusions:

  • PAT is integral to achieving efficient, sustainable, and reliable industrial operations.
  • The presented methodologies highlight the versatility and power of PAT.
  • Future developments in PAT promise further advancements in process understanding and control.