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Microbes Matter: Exploring the Connection Between Infant Gut Microbiota and Bone Development.

Perry Caviness1, Bharath K Mulakala2,3, Oxana P Lorenzo1

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Human milk, from secretor or non-secretor mothers, supports infant bone development. Infant milk formula may hinder bone growth by altering the gut microbiome composition, impacting key growth factors.

Keywords:
BoneCow’s milk formulaHuman milkInfant microbiotaSecretor status

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • Human milk is the optimal infant nutrition, influencing microbiome and biomolecule production essential for physiological development.
  • Maternal secretor status, determined by fucosyltransferase-2 (FUT2) expression, influences human milk oligosaccharide composition.
  • Infant gut microbiome composition is shaped by milk factors, potentially impacting overall development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of secretor (SMM) and non-secretor (NSM) human milk, and infant milk formula (MFM), on infant gut microbiome composition.
  • To determine if these milk-induced microbiota changes impact infant bone development.

Main Methods:

  • Fecal microbiota transfer from infants fed SMM, NSM, or MFM into germ-free mice (GF CTRL).
  • Analysis of gut microbiome composition using 16S rRNA sequencing after 35 days.
  • Assessment of bone development via micro-computed tomography (µCT) analysis.

Main Results:

  • Microbiome shifts observed: Phocaeicola (SMM), Akkermansia (NSM), and Ruminococcaceae (MFM) were differentially abundant.
  • Bone development analysis revealed decreased bone volume/trabecular number in MFM mice compared to GF CTRL.
  • Increased inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β) were noted in SMM and NSM mice compared to MFM and GF CTRL.

Conclusions:

  • Infant milk formula feeding may suppress bone growth and development.
  • Alterations in gut microbiome composition are implicated in the effects of milk formula on bone development.
  • Human milk, regardless of secretor status, supports normal bone development in this model.