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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
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Military Ballistic Injuries of the Upper Extremity.

Mason H Adams1, Manuela Gaviria1, Casey M Sabbag2

  • 1Department of Orthopedics, San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA.

Hand Clinics
|June 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Managing upper extremity ballistic trauma requires prompt interventions like tourniquets and damage control orthopedics. Early multidisciplinary care focusing on preservation and reconstruction is vital for functional outcomes.

Keywords:
BallisticDamage control orthopedicsMilitaryReconstructionTrauma

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Trauma Management
  • Military Medicine

Background:

  • Military-grade ballistic weapons cause severe orthopedic trauma.
  • Advancements in weaponry necessitate evolving trauma management strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the critical early management steps for upper extremity ballistic trauma.
  • To emphasize the role of multidisciplinary teams in optimizing patient outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Discusses battlefield tourniquet application.
  • Highlights damage control orthopedics and temporary revascularization.
  • Emphasizes thorough debridement and soft tissue management.

Main Results:

  • Early interventions significantly impact functional outcomes.
  • Multidisciplinary approach is key for complex trauma.
  • Consideration for preservation, reconstruction, and coverage is crucial.

Conclusions:

  • Timely and comprehensive management is essential for military ballistic extremity trauma.
  • Integrated care pathways improve limb salvage and functional recovery.