Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Obesity-Related Circulating Endothelial Extracellular Vesicles Negatively Affect Cerebral Microvascular Cell Function.

American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism·2026

Same author

AGE-RELATED CIRCULATING ENDOTHELIAL EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES PROMOTE CEREBRAL MICROVASCULAR CELL DYSFUNCTION.

American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology·2026

Same author

Effect of 17β-estradiol on brain microvascular endothelial cell oxidative stress, apoptotic susceptibility, and fibrinolytic capacity.

Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)·2026

Same author

Early women's health research on endurance exercise training and cardiovascular aging at the University of Colorado Boulder using the masters athlete model.

Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)·2026

Same author

Obesity-related elevation in circulating endothelial-derived extracellular microvesicles and endothelial fibrinolytic dysfunction.

American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology·2025

Same author

Circulating endothelial extracellular vesicles progressively increase with age and are associated with endothelial vasodilator dysfunction.

American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging for Assessment of Spinal Cord Blood Flow in Experimental Spinal Cord Injury

Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging for Assessment of Spinal Cord Blood Flow in Experimental Spinal Cord Injury

Published on: May 7, 2015

Different Circulating Endothelial Microvesicle Subtype Signature in Subacute and Chronic Spinal Cord Injury.

Andrew J Park^1,2, Hannah K Fandl³, Vinicius P Garcia³

¹Rocky Mountain Regional Spinal Injury System, Craig Hospital, Englewood, Colorado.

Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation

|June 30, 2025

Summary

Endothelial cell-derived microvesicles (EMVs) differ in spinal cord injury (SCI). Activation-derived EMVs are higher in chronic SCI, while apoptosis-derived EMVs are higher in subacute SCI, indicating distinct vascular changes.

Keywords:

cardiovascular disease endothelial microvesicles spinal cord injury

More Related Videos

An In Vivo Duo-color Method for Imaging Vascular Dynamics Following Contusive Spinal Cord Injury

An In Vivo Duo-color Method for Imaging Vascular Dynamics Following Contusive Spinal Cord Injury

Published on: December 31, 2017

Uptake of Fluorescent Labeled Small Extracellular Vesicles In Vitro and in Spinal Cord

Uptake of Fluorescent Labeled Small Extracellular Vesicles In Vitro and in Spinal Cord

Published on: May 23, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging for Assessment of Spinal Cord Blood Flow in Experimental Spinal Cord Injury

Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging for Assessment of Spinal Cord Blood Flow in Experimental Spinal Cord Injury

Published on: May 7, 2015

An In Vivo Duo-color Method for Imaging Vascular Dynamics Following Contusive Spinal Cord Injury

An In Vivo Duo-color Method for Imaging Vascular Dynamics Following Contusive Spinal Cord Injury

Published on: December 31, 2017

Uptake of Fluorescent Labeled Small Extracellular Vesicles In Vitro and in Spinal Cord

Uptake of Fluorescent Labeled Small Extracellular Vesicles In Vitro and in Spinal Cord

Published on: May 23, 2021

Area of Science:

Vascular Biology
Neurotrauma
Biomarkers

Background:

Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects vascular health.
Endothelial cell-derived microvesicles (EMVs) reflect endothelial activation and apoptosis.
Understanding vascular changes in SCI is crucial for treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate differences in circulating EMVs between subacute and chronic SCI.
To determine if EMV profiles can serve as biomarkers for SCI stages.

Main Methods:

Collected peripheral blood from 43 adults (12 controls, 16 subacute SCI, 15 chronic SCI).
Quantified activation-derived (CD62e+) and apoptosis-derived (CD31+/CD42b-) EMVs using flow cytometry.
Compared EMV concentrations across study groups.

Main Results:

Activation-derived EMVs were significantly higher in chronic SCI compared to subacute SCI and controls.
Apoptosis-derived EMVs were significantly higher in subacute SCI compared to chronic SCI and controls.
Findings suggest distinct vascular phenotypes in subacute versus chronic SCI.

Conclusions:

Circulating EMV profiles differ significantly between subacute and chronic SCI.
These EMVs may serve as biomarkers for the vascular environment post-SCI.
The vascular phenotype changes markedly from the subacute to the chronic phase of SCI.