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Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is...
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Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
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Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), involve the gradual and irreversible destruction of neurons in particular brain areas. These disorders exhibit standard features like proteinopathies, selective vulnerability of some neurons, and an interaction of intrinsic properties, genetics, and environmental influences in neural injury.
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Dysrhythmias, also known as arrhythmias, are irregular heart rhythms that result from abnormal electrical activity in the heart, affecting its ability to circulate blood efficiently. Tachyarrhythmias, a subset of dysrhythmias, are characterized by abnormally fast heart rates exceeding 100 beats per minute. Here are some types of tachyarrhythmias with their distinct ECG features:Sinus Tachycardia:Sinus tachycardia presents a regular heart rhythm with an increased rate of 101-180 beats per...
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Functional Head Tremor: Contrasting Features with Other Tremor Etiologies.

José Fidel Baizabal-Carvallo1,2, Joseph Jankovic1

  • 1Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.

Movement Disorders Clinical Practice
|June 30, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Functional head tremor (FHT) affects one-third of functional tremor patients and indicates greater functional movement disorder severity. Changes in tremor directionality and trunk tremor presence are specific indicators for diagnosing FHT.

Keywords:
essential tremorfunctional movement disordersfunctional tremorhead tremor

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Movement Disorders
  • Functional Neurological Disorders

Background:

  • Functional tremor (FT) is the most common functional movement disorder (FMD).
  • While limb tremor is typical, head and trunk tremors also occur in FT.
  • Functional head tremor (FHT) is a significant, though less common, presentation of FT.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the clinical characteristics of functional head tremor (FHT).
  • To compare FHT features with head tremors in other etiologies (OTE), including essential tremor (ET).
  • To identify specific clinical signs associated with FHT.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 101 consecutive FT patients.
  • Comparison of FHT patients (n=36) with FT patients without head tremor and with 125 OTE patients (including 71 ET).
  • Assessment of tremor directionality, severity (using S-FMDRS), and comorbid trunk tremor.

Main Results:

  • FHT was present in 35.6% of FT patients.
  • FHT patients were older and had greater FMD severity (higher S-FMDRS scores).
  • A change in head tremor directionality was more frequent in FHT (specificity 0.91) and comorbid trunk tremor was also noted.

Conclusions:

  • Head tremor is present in a third of FT patients, indicating greater FMD severity.
  • A change in tremor directionality and comorbid trunk tremor are highly specific diagnostic signs for FHT.
  • These findings aid in differentiating FHT from other tremor types.