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Updated: Sep 17, 2025

Real-Time Quantification of the Effects of IS200/IS605 Family-Associated TnpB on Transposon Activity
Published on: January 20, 2023
Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of transposable elements and their roles in development and
İbrahim Avşar Ilık1, Xu Yang2, Z Z Zhao Zhang3
1Otto Warburg Laboratories, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany.
Abstract:
Nearly half of the genome of humans and other mammals consists of transposable elements (TEs). Recent advancements in sequencing technologies have revealed that TEs have important regulatory functions, echoing Barbara McClintock's 1950s vision of TEs as 'controlling elements'. Nevertheless, TEs can still interfere with gene expression and are linked to various human diseases. In this Review, we first discuss the multilayered transcriptional and post-transcriptional defence mechanisms that repress TE activity, and examine how they regulate endogenous gene expression. We then discuss recent studies showing that TEs can escape these repression mechanisms and unexpectedly become a vital part of animal development. Finally, we explore findings on TE derepression in cancer and neurological diseases, and emerging therapeutic strategies that exploit TE derepression, such as immunotherapies that target TE-derived tumour-specific antigens.
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