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Monolithic Terahertz Topological Mach-Zehnder Interferometer.

Nikhil Navaratna1,2, Yi Ji Tan1,2, Wenhao Wang1,2

  • 1Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|July 1, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a compact terahertz topological Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) on a single chip. This breakthrough offers efficient on-chip control of electromagnetic waves for advanced communication and quantum technologies.

Keywords:
Active on‐chip terahertz Mach‐Zehnder InterferometerPhase controlTopological waveguideson‐chip terahertz topological Mach‐Zehnder Interferometerphotonic topological insulatorsterahertz silicon photonicsterahertz topological photonic integrated circuitsvalley photonic crystals

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Area of Science:

  • Topological Photonics
  • Integrated Photonics
  • Terahertz Technology

Background:

  • Terahertz photonic integrated circuits are crucial for high-throughput communication, spectroscopy, and quantum computing.
  • Topological photonics offers topologically resilient interface modes for efficient on-chip electromagnetic wave control.
  • A compact, monolithic topological Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) has been a missing component in this field.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present the first demonstration of a compact, monolithic terahertz topological Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI).
  • To showcase the potential of topological photonics for integrated optical devices.
  • To pave the way for topological photonic modulators for advanced applications.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of splitter, combiner, and MZI arms onto a single chip.
  • Utilization of tailored unit cells to control interface-dependent out-of-plane radiation losses.
  • Demonstration of active tuning via photoexcitation of MZI arms.

Main Results:

  • Achieved six interferometric fringes over a 17 GHz bandwidth.
  • Exhibited high on-off contrast with extinction ratios exceeding 20 dB.
  • Successfully demonstrated active tunability of the MZI response.

Conclusions:

  • The developed terahertz topological MZI represents a significant advancement in integrated photonics.
  • This work is a foundational step towards realizing topological photonic modulators.
  • The approach enables leveraging the phase degree of freedom for photonic integrated communication and quantum information processing.