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Drug-Induced Uveitis: Patterns, Pathogenesis and Clinical Implications.

Lucy M Lu1,2, Vince M T Wilkinson1,2, Rachael L Niederer1,2

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.

Clinical Optometry
|July 1, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Drug-induced uveitis, an ocular inflammation caused by medications, is often missed. This review details its mechanisms, clinical presentations, and diagnostic strategies for various drug classes, emphasizing heightened awareness for patient care.

Keywords:
TNF inhibitorbisphosphonatescancer immunotherapyintravitreal injectionsocular inflammationvaccines

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Pharmacology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Drug-induced uveitis is an underdiagnosed cause of ocular inflammation.
  • It presents variably, mimicking other ocular conditions.
  • An increasing number of systemic and topical drugs are implicated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms, clinical presentations, and management of drug-induced uveitis.
  • To provide a comprehensive evaluation of specific drug classes associated with uveitis.
  • To outline diagnostic approaches and emphasize the need for heightened awareness.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of literature on drug-induced uveitis.
  • Analysis of mechanisms including immune-mediated reactions, direct toxicity, and idiosyncratic responses.
  • Evaluation of specific drug classes: topical agents, intravitreal therapies, antimicrobials, bisphosphonates, TNF inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, BRAF/MEK inhibitors, and vaccines.

Main Results:

  • Drug-induced uveitis pathogenesis involves diverse mechanisms.
  • Clinical presentations vary widely, requiring differentiation from autoimmune/infectious causes.
  • Diagnosis relies on high suspicion, drug history, and specific clinical/imaging features.

Conclusions:

  • Heightened awareness of drug-induced uveitis is crucial given the expanding list of implicated medications.
  • Accurate diagnosis requires pattern recognition, temporal correlation, and structured assessment.
  • Understanding pathogenesis aids treatment decisions and pharmacovigilance for novel therapies.