Potential negative effects of introduced or augmented entomopathogens on non-target predators and parasitoids

This review examines the complex interactions between introduced or augmented entomopathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, and nematodes) and naturally occurring arthropod natural enemies (predators and parasitoids) within Integrated Pest Management programs. Entomopathogens are increasingly recognized as sustainable alternatives to chemical pesticides, which have detrimental effects on ecosystems and human health and are frequently banned before viable biocontrol alternatives are readily available. Consequently, biological control, a fundamental aspect of pest management, must expand to bridge this gap and safeguard adequate food production. This expansion necessitates a thorough understanding of potential negative impacts associated with biocontrol methods, even though such effects are generally anticipated to be less severe than those stemming from chemical control. The review synthesizes current knowledge on how entomopathogenic infections influence predator and parasitoid populations, focusing on infection, repellency, and attractancy effects across different pathogen groups, particularly concerning those feeding on or developing within infected hosts. Studies show varied impacts on predators, from tolerance to potential harm, with some predators even contributing to viral dispersal of entomopathogens, potential negative impacts warrant consideration. Combined applications of natural enemies can enhance pest control, but precise timing, concentration and formulations are crucial to maximize benefits and minimize harm to beneficial organisms. While entomopathogens can affect certain beneficial insects, the benefits outweigh the non-target impacts. A common thread across all groups is the need for further research, particularly long-term field studies under realistic conditions, to fully understand their interactions within complex ecosystems. By understanding these interactions, we can develop optimized pest control strategies that promote biodiversity and enhance the sustainability of agriculture, habitat management, and conservation.