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Related Concept Videos

Cohesion01:07

Cohesion

Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same type, such as water molecules. Water molecules have an overall neutral charge but are polar molecule. An oxygen atom in one water molecule has a partial negative charge that can bind to a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge in a second water molecule, forming a hydrogen bond. Each water molecule can form up to four hydrogen bonds with other water molecules. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for water's cohesive nature.
On a surface,...
Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity02:57

Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity

Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...
Frictional Force01:07

Frictional Force

When a body is in motion, it encounters resistance because the body interacts with its surroundings. This resistance is known as friction, a common yet complex force whose behavior is still not completely understood. Friction opposes relative motion between systems in contact, but also allows us to move. Friction arises in part due to the roughness of surfaces in contact. For one object to move along a surface, it must rise to where the peaks of the surface can skip along the bottom of the...
Dry Friction01:30

Dry Friction

Dry friction occurs between two solid surfaces in contact as they attempt to move relative to one another. In daily life, dry friction is encountered in various forms, such as when walking on the ground, sliding an object across a table, or rubbing hands together. Despite its ubiquity, the underlying mechanisms behind dry friction are not readily visible.
To illustrate this concept, imagine a wooden crate resting on a rough, non-uniform horizontal surface. When an external force is applied to...
Surface Tension01:24

Surface Tension

Surface tension is defined as the force per unit length (γ) acting along the surface of a liquid. It arises due to strong intermolecular forces of attraction. A molecule located inside the bulk of the liquid is surrounded by other molecules and experiences equal forces in all directions. However, a molecule at the surface experiences unbalanced forces because there are more neighboring molecules below than above. This creates a net inward force that pulls surface molecules toward the interior,...
Surface Tension of Fluid01:22

Surface Tension of Fluid

Surface tension is a fundamental property of fluids, occurring at the boundary between a liquid and a gas or between two immiscible liquids. This phenomenon arises from the cohesive forces between molecules at the fluid's surface, creating an effect similar to a stretched elastic membrane. Inside each fluid, molecules are equally attracted in all directions by neighboring molecules, but surface molecules experience a net inward force, resulting in surface tension.
Surface tension varies with...

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Updated: May 13, 2026

Real Time Measurements of Membrane Protein:Receptor Interactions Using Surface Plasmon Resonance SPR
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Real Time Measurements of Membrane Protein:Receptor Interactions Using Surface Plasmon Resonance SPR

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Binding Kinetics and Epitope Binning Using Surface Plasmon Resonance.

Johan Nilvebrant1

  • 1Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden. johan.nilvebrant@biotech.kth.se.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|July 2, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Quantifying molecular binding affinity is crucial for drug discovery. This chapter details using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy for monitoring protein interactions and experimental design, including epitope binning assays.

Keywords:
AffinityAnalyteBinding kineticsBiosensorEpitope binningLigandSurface plasmon resonance

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Drug Discovery and Development

Background:

  • Accurate quantification of molecular interactions is vital for advancing drug development and life science research.
  • Understanding binding affinity is a cornerstone of identifying and characterizing molecular targets.
  • Protein-protein interactions play critical roles in cellular processes and disease pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a practical guide on utilizing surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy for monitoring protein-protein interactions.
  • To emphasize fundamental principles of experimental design for SPR-based interaction studies.
  • To offer a concise overview of epitope binning assays within the context of SPR.

Main Methods:

  • Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) spectroscopy as the primary technique for real-time binding analysis.
  • Detailed explanation of experimental design considerations for SPR assays.
  • Introduction to epitope binning strategies for characterizing binding sites.

Main Results:

  • Demonstration of SPR's utility in quantifying binding affinity and kinetics of molecular interactions.
  • Guidance on establishing robust experimental setups for reliable protein-protein interaction data.
  • Illustrative examples of applying SPR for epitope binning to understand interaction specificities.

Conclusions:

  • Surface Plasmon Resonance spectroscopy is a powerful and practical tool for studying molecular interactions, particularly protein-protein interactions.
  • Effective experimental design is paramount for obtaining high-quality data and accurate binding affinity measurements using SPR.
  • Epitope binning assays, when integrated with SPR, offer valuable insights into the complex nature of molecular recognition.