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Related Concept Videos

Autism Spectrum Disorder01:19

Autism Spectrum Disorder

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
These core symptoms manifest differently among individuals, ranging from mild to severe. The disorder's complexity extends beyond its clinical presentation, encompassing a diverse range of biological, cognitive, and sociocultural influences.
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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
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Modeling in Therapy

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Modeling, a key technique in therapy, uses observational learning to help clients acquire and practice new skills by watching therapists demonstrate desired behaviors. This approach, rooted in Albert Bandura's concept of vicarious learning, plays a significant role in therapeutic interventions for various psychological conditions, including social anxiety, ADHD, and depression.
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Oppositional Defiant Disorder01:30

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

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A persistent pattern of angry or irritable mood, defiant behavior, or vindictiveness characterizes Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Symptoms must occur over at least six months, involve interactions with individuals beyond siblings, and meet specific diagnostic criteria to be clinically significant. The disorder affects emotional regulation, social interactions, and behavior, often manifesting early in life and influencing long-term development and functioning.
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Attachment is a long-standing connection or bond with others. While Attachment Theory was conceived in developmental psychology to describe infant-caregiver bonding, it's been extended into adulthood to include romantic relationships. 
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Author Spotlight: Exploring Autism Spectrum Disorder Symptoms in Fruit Flies — Genetic Models and Behavioral Tests
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Pathways to autism diagnosis in adulthood.

Isabelle Dufour1,2, Yohann Chiu3,4, Sébastien Brodeur5,6,7

  • 1École des Sciences Infirmières, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé (FMSS), Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12Th Avenue N., Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada. isabelle.dufour3@usherbrooke.ca.

Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders
|July 2, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Adult autism diagnosis pathways vary significantly. This study identified five distinct trajectories of prior psychiatric and neurodevelopmental conditions, crucial for understanding differential diagnosis and co-occurring conditions in autism.

Keywords:
Autism spectrum disorderHealthcare useMental healthcareNeurodevelopmental disorderPsychiatric disorderState sequence analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Neurodevelopmental Disorders
  • Psychiatry
  • Health Services Research

Background:

  • Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) diagnosis in adulthood is increasingly recognized.
  • Understanding the diagnostic journey, or Trajectories of Diagnoses (TDs), preceding an adult autism diagnosis is essential.
  • Previous research has not fully elucidated the diverse pathways leading to adult autism diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore and characterize the different sequences of psychiatric and neurodevelopmental diagnoses that occur before a first autism diagnosis in adults.
  • To identify distinct patterns of prior diagnoses that may inform diagnostic processes and clinical care for adults with autism.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study utilizing health administrative data from Quebec, Canada (2002-2017).
  • Included 2799 adults with a first autism diagnosis between 2012-2017.
  • State sequence analysis applied to identify patterns in diagnoses including Autism, Intellectual or Developmental Disabilities (IDDs), Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder (SSD), Bipolar Disorder (BD), Depressive Disorder (DD), Anxiety Disorder (AD), and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

Main Results:

  • Five distinct Trajectories of Diagnoses (TDs) were identified.
  • Younger adults showed varied TDs (Types 1-3) with mixed diagnoses, SSD/AD, or IDDs/DD/AD/ADHD.
  • Middle-aged/older adults exhibited distinct TDs (Types 4-5) predominantly linked to SSD or BD, with high healthcare utilization.

Conclusions:

  • Adults follow multiple, distinct pathways to an autism diagnosis.
  • Recognizing these diverse diagnostic trajectories is vital for improving differential diagnosis.
  • Addressing co-occurring psychiatric and neurodevelopmental conditions within these pathways is critical for effective clinical management.