Epilepsy in autism spectrum disorder: examining prevalence and associated factors in a large cross-sectional study

Epilepsy and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) frequently co-occur, yet the prevalence and factors associated with epilepsy within autistic individuals remain insufficiently defined. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of epilepsy and examine demographic, developmental, and medical correlates in a large cohort of autistic individuals in Qatar.

We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 1,257 autistic individuals recruited through clinical and research channels in Qatar. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with epilepsy, with false discovery rate correction applied for multiple comparisons.

Epilepsy was identified in 10.7% of the cohort, with affected individuals being significantly older (7.33 years) than those without epilepsy (6.59 years, p = 0.003). Factors associated with epilepsy included developmental delays-particularly in motor milestones such as delayed sitting (aOR = 2.954, p < 0.001) and walking (aOR = 3.289, p < 0.001)-and perinatal complications such as hypoxia (aOR = 3.188, p = 0.015). Behavioral features, including sleep disturbances (aOR = 5.167, p < 0.001) and anxiety (aOR = 2.334, p < 0.001), were also significantly associated.

These findings highlight the complex interplay between developmental, behavioral, and perinatal factors associated with epilepsy within this cohort of autistic individuals and underscore the importance of systematic monitoring and multidisciplinary management to optimize outcomes in this cohort.