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Translocation of proteins across membranes is an ancient process that occurs even in bacteria and archaebacteria. In fact, the components of the translocation machinery are still conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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Nuclear encoded mitochondrial precursors are imported to the inner membrane in a multistep process involving two separate translocons, TIM22 and TIM23. TIM23 is a cation-selective pore that remains closed by the N terminal segment of the protein. Negative charges on the TIM23 act as a receptor for the incoming precursor, pulling the positively charged matrix-targeting sequence for peptide insertion and translocation.
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Integral membrane proteins are proteins adhered to the lipid bilayer of a cell organelle or membrane. They can be of two types: transmembrane integral proteins that span the lipid bilayer and monotopic proteins that are attached to either side of the membrane but do not pass through it.
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Updated: Sep 17, 2025

Author Spotlight: Imaging ATG9A, a Multi-Spanning Membrane Protein
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Progress on multifunctional transmembrane protein ATG9A.

Xi Lin1, Lin Liang2, Shan Liao3

  • 1Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine Central South University/Hunan Cancer Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China.

Cell Communication and Signaling : CCS
|July 2, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

ATG9A, a transmembrane protein, is essential for autophagosome formation and lipid scrambling. This review details its roles in autophagy, cellular homeostasis, and development.

Keywords:
ATG9AAutophagosome formationAutophagyDisease progressionRegulatory factors

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Autophagy Research

Background:

  • ATG9A is the sole transmembrane protein in autophagosome formation machinery.
  • It is crucial for intracellular transport via microtubules and actin.
  • ATG9A functions as a lipid scramblase, impacting lipid bilayer dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the diverse roles and mechanisms of ATG9A.
  • To offer a novel perspective on ATG9A's functions in cellular processes.
  • To consolidate current knowledge on ATG9A's involvement in autophagy and homeostasis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on ATG9A.
  • Analysis of ATG9A's function as a lipid scramblase.
  • Examination of ATG9A's role in intracellular transport and autophagy initiation.

Main Results:

  • ATG9A facilitates lipid transfer and regulates plasma membrane and organelle homeostasis.
  • It is recruited to autophagic initiation sites, promoting autophagy.
  • ATG9A is implicated in neuronal homeostasis, embryonic development, infection, and immunity.

Conclusions:

  • ATG9A is a multifunctional protein with critical roles beyond autophagy.
  • Understanding ATG9A's mechanisms provides insights into cellular regulation.
  • Further research into ATG9A functions can illuminate various biological processes.