Advances and future directions of aptamer-functionalized nanoparticles for point-of-care diseases diagnosis

Point-of-care (POC) diagnostics have revolutionized disease detection by enabling rapid, on-site testing without the need for centralized laboratory infrastructure. This review presents recent advances in aptamer-functionalized nanoparticles (AFNs) as promising tools for enhancing POC diagnostics, particularly in infectious diseases and cancer. Aptamers, with their high specificity, stability, and modifiability, offer significant advantages over antibodies, while nanoparticles contribute multifunctionality, including signal amplification and targeting capabilities. AFNs have demonstrated up to a 2-10 times increase in detection sensitivity and significant reductions in diagnostic timeframes. We discuss various nanoparticle types, conjugation strategies, real-world applications, and highlight innovative developments such as AI-assisted aptamer design, wearable diagnostic devices, and green nanoparticle synthesis. Challenges related to stability, manufacturing scalability, regulatory hurdles, and clinical translation are critically examined. By merging aptamer precision with nanoparticle versatility, AFNs hold transformative potential to deliver rapid, affordable, and decentralized healthcare solutions, especially in resource-limited settings. Future interdisciplinary research and sustainable practices will be pivotal in translating AFN-based diagnostics from promising prototypes to global healthcare standards.