Towards a Personalized Medicine Approach for HCC

Owing to the lack of appropriate selective treatments, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains one of the major reasons of cancer associated death. Chronic liver failure nearly always accompanies HCC, and doctors usually detect it only after the disease has progressed beyond the point where curative therapies are possible. Despite the fact that HCC has distinct morphological and phenotypic patterns, therapeutic options are limited to comparatively homogeneous drugs such as multi-targeted tyrosine kinase blockers and immune checkpoint blockers. Multiple studies evaluating the effectiveness of different medications have yielded disappointing findings, indicating that HCC has poor immunity to chemotherapy, which is exacerbated by multidrug resistance. As a result, more successful therapies addressing HCC's disordered metabolic and molecular pathways are needed. The quite often change in sequence of genes and molecular targets in HCC patients are telomerase reverse transcriptase, Wnt/-catenin signaling pathway oncogene (CTNNB1), and the TP53 gene, according to integrated genomic profiling. Furthermore, new approaches like genome-scale metabolic replicas may be utilized to explicate the basic cancer specific metabolism, allowing for such exploration of promising biomarkers and drug candidates. The clinical implications of metabolic network driven heterogeneity of HCCcaseson the basis of redox response, metabolite use, and subtype specific pathways could help accelerate the advancement of personalised medicine. Another interesting strategy is microRNA- based therapy which involves miRNA antagonists to block oncogenic miRNAs and miRNA substitution, which entails reintroducing a tumor-suppressor miRNA to restore function following a functional impairment. The existing and evolving clinical purpose in context of molecular targets and metabolic network-based approaches are summarised in this review, paving the way for successful HCC patient care.