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Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Spirochetes, unique bacteria in the phylum Spirochaetes, are gram-negative, motile, tightly coiled, slender, and flexible. They inhabit aquatic sediments and animals, with some causing diseases like syphilis. Spirochetes are classified into eight genera based on habitat, pathogenicity, phylogeny, and characteristics.Their distinctive motility arises from endoflagella, located within the cell’s periplasm. These endoflagella anchor at the cell poles and extend along the cell length, encased...
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The Potential for Combined Treponemal/Nontreponemal Rapid Point-of-Care Test and Treponema pallidum Polymerase Chain Reaction in the Diagnosis of Gestational and Congenital Syphilis in a Low-Resource, High-Prevalence Setting: Pilot Data From Malawi.

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Neurosyphilis in 2025.

Varun Sethi1, Michael Marks2

  • 1Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospital.

Current Opinion in Neurology
|July 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Syphilis cases are rising globally, with increasing neurosyphilis diagnoses. Awareness of varied presentations and updated guidelines for diagnosis and treatment are crucial for managing this public health challenge.

Keywords:
HIVlumbar punctureneurosyphilisserology

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Neurology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Syphilis remains a significant global health concern.
  • Recent epidemics have been observed even in high-income nations.
  • Neurological involvement in syphilis is increasingly recognized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diverse clinical presentations of syphilis.
  • To highlight updated diagnostic and treatment guidelines.
  • To focus on neurosyphilis, including in people with HIV (PWH).

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent syphilis epidemics and neurosyphilis cases.
  • Analysis of diagnostic work-up, including lumbar puncture and neuroimaging.
  • Examination of current treatment protocols and guidelines.

Main Results:

  • Neurosyphilis diagnoses are increasing in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals.
  • Presentations of neurosyphilis are highly variable and can occur at different disease stages.
  • The British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) released updated guidelines in 2024.

Conclusions:

  • Rising syphilis rates correlate with increased neurological complications.
  • Understanding varied neurosyphilis presentations is key to preventing long-term sequelae.
  • Adherence to updated diagnostic and treatment criteria is essential for global syphilis control.