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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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[New therapies for old viruses: when everyone gets something wrong].

Valeria Belleudi1, Antonio Addis2

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Nirsevimab, a new respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) prevention, faced implementation challenges in Italy due to varied regional approaches and funding issues. A national strategy is crucial for equitable access to this vital infant immunization.

Keywords:
Immunization campaignImmunoprophylaxisNirsevimabRespiratory syncytial virus

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric infectious diseases
  • Immunology
  • Public health policy

Context:

  • Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) poses significant risks to infants, particularly premature or medically fragile newborns.
  • Italy's introduction of nirsevimab, a novel monoclonal antibody for RSV prevention, revealed complexities in its national rollout and accessibility.
  • Disparities in regional healthcare funding and policy led to inconsistent access to nirsevimab for eligible infants.

Purpose:

  • To analyze the challenges and disparities in the implementation of nirsevimab immunoprophylaxis programs in Italy.
  • To evaluate the impact of national and regional policies on equitable access to RSV prevention for infants.
  • To highlight the need for a coordinated national strategy for vaccine and antibody administration.

Summary:

  • Nirsevimab, a new RSV monoclonal antibody, faced initial patient-paid proposals and subsequent inconsistent regional administration plans in Italy.
  • Exclusion from essential care levels for financially recovering regions complicated nirsevimab access, prompting public outcry and a national funding agreement.
  • Despite a national campaign, procurement and management issues persist, causing regional disparities in RSV immunoprophylaxis, affecting vulnerable infants.

Impact:

  • The nirsevimab case highlights critical issues in managing preventive immunoprophylaxis programs, emphasizing the need for equitable access.
  • It underscores the necessity of a unified national strategy involving central and regional authorities to ensure effective and fair public health interventions.
  • Addressing these challenges is vital for protecting vulnerable infant populations from severe RSV infections and improving public health outcomes.