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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System III: Serum Lipid Profile01:25

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System III: Serum Lipid Profile

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Understanding serum lipids is crucial for maintaining cardiovascular health and preventing heart disease and stroke.
Serum lipids are fats and fatty substances in the blood and are crucial for various bodily functions, including energy storage, cellular structure, and hormone production. Serum lipids consist of cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids.
Cholesterol is a soft, fat-like substance found in all body cells. It is crucial for producing hormones, vitamin D, and substances that aid...
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Cholesterol: Significance and Regulation01:29

Cholesterol: Significance and Regulation

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Although not a source of energy, cholesterol plays a significant role as a foundational structure for bile salts, steroid hormones, and vitamin D, as well as being a crucial component of plasma membranes. Approximately 15% of blood cholesterol is derived from our diet, with the remainder synthesized from acetyl CoA by the liver and intestines. Cholesterol is eliminated from the body through its conversion into bile salts, which are eventually discarded in the feces.
Considering cholesterol and...
697
Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System VI: Calcium -Scoring CT01:25

Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System VI: Calcium -Scoring CT

127
Calcium-Scoring CT ScanA calcium-scoring CT scan, also known as coronary artery calcium (CAC) scan, detects calcium deposits in the coronary arteries. This test assesses the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), which can lead to cardiovascular events such as angina, heart failure, and sudden cardiac arrest.A calcium-scoring CT scan is generally recommended for individuals at intermediate risk of CAD without symptoms. It includes:Men aged 40-75 and women aged 50-75: Especially those with a...
127
Coronary Artery Disease IV: Preventive Measures01:26

Coronary Artery Disease IV: Preventive Measures

38
Effective preventive measures for coronary artery disease (CAD) focus on controlling modifiable risk factors, including cholesterol abnormalities and lifestyle changes.Cholesterol ManagementFirst, the Mediterranean diet and the American Heart Association advocate for maintaining low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels below 100 mg/dL, with a more stringent recommendation of below 70 mg/dL for individuals at high risk. LDL cholesterol, often termed "bad cholesterol," can lead to the...
38
Lipids: Dietary Sources and Requirements01:18

Lipids: Dietary Sources and Requirements

1.1K
Lipids are an essential component of a balanced human diet. Triglycerides, which make up the majority of dietary lipids, are found in both saturated fats—commonly present in meat, dairy products, and certain tropical plants like coconut, and hydrogenated oils such as margarine and baking shortenings (trans fats)—and unsaturated fats, which are abundant in seeds, nuts, olive oil, and most vegetable oils. The main sources of cholesterol include egg yolks, various meats and organ...
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Lipid-Lowering Drugs: Statins and Miscellaneous Agents01:20

Lipid-Lowering Drugs: Statins and Miscellaneous Agents

879
Hyperlipidemia, a medical condition often referred to as high cholesterol, is characterized by abnormally elevated levels of lipids in the bloodstream. When present in excess, these lipids, specifically cholesterol and triglycerides, can lead to serious health complications, often involving cardiovascular diseases. Illnesses like atherosclerosis, heart attacks, and pancreatitis have all been linked to untreated hyperlipidemia. This means controlling and regulating cholesterol and triglyceride...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 17, 2025

Differential Effects of Lipid-lowering Drugs in Modulating Morphology of Cholesterol Particles
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Differential Effects of Lipid-lowering Drugs in Modulating Morphology of Cholesterol Particles

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Discrepant Risk Assessment between Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Low-Density Lipoprotein Size.

Nicholas E Larkey1, Leslie J Donato2, Allan S Jaffe2,3

  • 1Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.

The Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine
|July 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) reveals that low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and LDL particle size (LDL-s) measurements often disagree. This discordance impacts coronary artery disease (CAD) risk assessment, as LDL-s phenotype did not consistently correlate with CAD diagnosis.

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Cell-free Biochemical Fluorometric Enzymatic Assay for High-throughput Measurement of Lipid Peroxidation in High Density Lipoprotein
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Isolation and Analysis of Plasma Lipoproteins by Ultracentrifugation
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Isolation and Analysis of Plasma Lipoproteins by Ultracentrifugation
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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular diagnostics
  • Lipid metabolism research
  • Biomarker analysis

Background:

  • Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is a key indicator of coronary artery disease (CAD) risk.
  • Small-dense LDL particles (≤20.5 nm) are associated with increased CAD risk.
  • Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy provides measurements of LDL-C, LDL particle (LDL-P) concentration, and LDL size (LDL-s).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the associations between LDL-C, LDL-P, and LDL-s measurements obtained via NMR.
  • To evaluate the agreement between these NMR-derived lipid parameters in assessing CAD risk.
  • To determine if LDL-s phenotype influences CAD risk stratification when discordant with LDL-C levels.

Main Methods:

  • Analyzed serum samples (n=26,710) from routine clinical testing using NMR spectroscopy.
  • Correlated LDL-P, LDL-C, and LDL-s using Spearman analysis.
  • Compared lipid risk classifications against established thresholds and coronary angiography results in a subset of patients (n=356).

Main Results:

  • High correlation observed between LDL-C and LDL-P (ρ=0.87), moderate with LDL-s (ρ=0.51), and weakest between LDL-P and LDL-s (ρ=0.21).
  • Concordant high-risk values for LDL-P/LDL-C, LDL-s/LDL-P, and LDL-C/LDL-s occurred in 99.8%, 43%, and 25% of cases, respectively.
  • CAD diagnosis rates were similar in patients with concordant high-risk LDL-C and small-dense LDL-s compared to those with high-risk LDL-C but non-small-dense LDL-s.

Conclusions:

  • LDL size (LDL-s) and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) measurements frequently show discordance at standard clinical risk cutoffs.
  • The phenotype of LDL size does not appear to be a consistent predictor of CAD diagnosis when assessed independently of LDL-C levels.