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Extraction: Advanced Methods

Extraction: Advanced Methods

Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...

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Employing Pressurized Hot Water Extraction PHWE to Explore Natural Products Chemistry in the Undergraduate Laboratory

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Phenolic extraction from prickly pear peels using deep eutectic solvents with macrocyclic enhancers.

Georgia D Ioannou¹, Olga Christodoulou¹, Andria Sofroniou¹

¹Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.

|July 3, 2025

Summary

Prickly pear peels, a waste product, can be sustainably valorized for phenolic antioxidants using eco-friendly extraction. This method enhances recovery and enables sample classification by origin.

Keywords:

Cyclodextrin Cyclofructan Green solvent recovery Macrocyclic additives Multivariate analysis Natural deep eutectic solvents Phenolic compounds Ultrasound-assisted extraction

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Area of Science:

Agro-waste valorization
Green chemistry
Natural product chemistry

Background:

Prickly pear peels are agro-waste rich in phenolic compounds.
Traditional extraction methods are often inefficient and environmentally harmful.
Need for sustainable methods to recover valuable antioxidants from plant byproducts.

Purpose of the Study:

To valorize prickly pear peels by extracting phenolic antioxidants using an eco-friendly method.
To optimize the extraction process using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NaDESs) and ultrasound-assisted extraction.
To investigate the use of macrocyclic additives (cyclodextrins and cyclofructans) to enhance extraction efficiency.

Main Methods:

Optimization of NaDESs-assisted extraction using response surface methodology.
Identification and quantification of phenolic compounds via High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).
Evaluation of macrocyclic additives (cyclodextrins, cyclofructans) for improved extraction.
Assessment of method greenness and NaDES recyclability using AGREE metrics.
Chemometric analysis for sample classification based on phenolic profiles.

Main Results:

Optimized phenolic recovery of 80% using choline chloride-citric acid NaDES, 30 mL/g solvent-to-solid ratio, and 16-min extraction time.
Identified key phenolics: catechin, myricetin, rutin, and gallic acid.
Demonstrated improved extraction efficiency with macrocyclic additives, including cyclofructans for the first time.
Validated method greenness and NaDES recyclability.
Successfully classified samples by botanical and geographical origin using phenolic profiles.

Conclusions:

An efficient and sustainable strategy for recovering valuable phenolic antioxidants from prickly pear peels was developed.
The optimized eco-friendly extraction method shows potential for natural product authentication, traceability, and development.
Incorporation of macrocyclic additives offers a novel approach to enhance phenolic compound recovery.