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Updated: Sep 17, 2025

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Bubble casting strategy to construct multifurcated hydrogel microtubes with adjustable dimensions and

Haonan Sun1, Kunming Xing2, Kexin Liu1

  • 1Collaborative Innovation Center of Tumor Marker Detection Technology, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Makers, College of Medicine, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, People's Republic of China.

Biofabrication
|July 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed an accessible method using bubble casting and stimuli-responsive hydrogels to create tunable, multifurcated hydrogel microtubes for vascular tissue engineering and modeling.

Keywords:
bubble castinghydrogel microtubesmultifurcated structurestubular scaffolds

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Reconstructing human tubular structures with small diameters, complex morphologies, and biomimetic functions is challenging for researchers without specialized fabrication skills.
  • Existing methods often lack accessibility and modularity for creating intricate microtube networks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a simple, effective, and accessible strategy for fabricating freestanding, multifurcated hydrogel microtubes.
  • To enable tunable diameters, perfusability, and endothelialization capabilities in engineered microvessels.
  • To provide a modular approach for assembling 2D and 3D microtube networks for applications in tissue engineering and vascular modeling.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of stimuli-responsive hydrogels (gelatin and methacrylated gelatin - GelMA) with a bubble casting technique.
  • Utilizing adhesive interactions between hydrogels and silicone molds for precise structure formation.
  • Employing modular assembly with adhesive connectors for creating 2D and 3D microtube networks.

Main Results:

  • Fabrication of freestanding, multifurcated hydrogel microtubes with tunable diameters and uniform thickness.
  • Demonstration of rapid and irreversible hydrogel formation using temperature-sensitive gelatin and photo-crosslinkable GelMA.
  • Successful assembly of straight, L-shaped, T-shaped, bifurcated, and trifurcated microtubes into interconnected 3D networks.
  • Exhibition of favorable physiological stability, mechanical strength, hemocompatibility, cytocompatibility, and anti-thrombogenicity.
  • Successful perfusion with whole rabbit blood and endothelialization with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs).

Conclusions:

  • The developed bubble casting technique offers a robust, accessible, and modular strategy for fabricating advanced hydrogel microtubes.
  • The engineered microtubes possess biomimetic functionality suitable for vascular scaffolds.
  • This technique is adaptable for researchers across disciplines, requiring no specialized equipment or training for applications in tissue engineering and vascular modeling.