Interaction of Nanomaterials with Nucleic Acids and Their Applications in Nucleic Acid Analysis

Nucleic acid analysis technology is the key to cracking the genetic information of life, which is very important for insight into disease diagnosis, drug development, food safety and environmental monitoring. The successful implementation of nucleic acid analysis depends on efficient and accurate nucleic acid sample purification technology. Traditional nucleic acid extraction methods are not only time-consuming and difficult to handle but also require skilled operators. Nanotechnology is gradually innovating nucleic acid extraction, simplifying the process and promoting biological science into a new era. The interaction modes between nanomaterials and nucleic acid molecules are diverse, including electrostatic interaction, covalent binding (direct covalent bonding, biotin-avidin system, disulfide bond connection, coordination bond, azide-alkyne click reaction, EDC/NHS coupling), π-π stacking effect, hydrogen bond formation, hydrophobic interaction and ion exchange. Among them, electrostatic interaction and covalent binding are particularly common and widely used. In addition, integrating nanomaterials into advanced monitoring systems such as microfluidic chips and biosensors provides strong support for the innovation of nucleic acid detection technology. The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively explain the basic principles and related molecular mechanisms of the interaction between nucleic acids and nanomaterials and to demonstrate their effectiveness in practical applications through specific examples for each interaction mode. Finally, we will review the latest progress of nanomaterial application in nucleic acid analysis, aiming to provide valuable references and inspirations for future research and development in this field.