Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

33.0K
A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
33.0K
Nuclear Export01:42

Nuclear Export

3.7K
The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
NES are of three types- the canonical 10-residue long leucine-rich signal and other...
3.7K
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

5.2K
During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
5.2K
Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

4.6K
4.6K
Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

159
Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
159
Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

2.4K
Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
2.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Assessing the State of Published HIV Research Concerning Sexual Minority Women: A Global English Language Scoping Review.

LGBT health·2026
Same author

The ASD Risk Gene <i>D5Ertd579e</i> Regulates Synaptic Plasticity and Selective Autism-Related Behaviors.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

A designed overlapping variant immunogen pool elicits broad sarbecovirus neutralization.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Contributions of conserved and species-specific CagX (VirB9) domains to the assembly and function of the <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> Cag type IV secretion system.

Infection and immunity·2026
Same author

Secretin-interacting plug proteins prevent antibiotic influx during type IV pilus assembly in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

"A chance to open my heart": Protective factors for mental health in left-behind family members of Nepalese labor migrants and their implications for future psychosocial interventions.

PLOS global public health·2026
Same journal

Correction to 'scSuperAnnotator: A platform for benchmarking comparison and visualizing automated cellular annotation methods for scRNA-seq data'.

Nucleic acids research·2026
Same journal

Correction to 'Differentiable partition function calculation for RNA'.

Nucleic acids research·2026
Same journal

Deployment of non-canonical splicing in tunicate genomes is mediated by divergent U2AF function and changing m6A modification in U1 and U6 snRNA.

Nucleic acids research·2026
Same journal

Bacillus subtilis DnaB forms multiple protein-protein interactions essential for DNA replication initiation.

Nucleic acids research·2026
Same journal

Multiple forms of protein-protein and DNA binding are exhibited by BrxC from the BREX phage restriction system.

Nucleic acids research·2026
Same journal

Biosynthesis of glycosylated 5-hydroxycytosine in the DNA of diverse viruses.

Nucleic acids research·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 17, 2025

Assessment of Immunologically Relevant Dynamic Tertiary Structural Features of the HIV-1 V3 Loop Crown R2 Sequence by ab initio Folding
10:50

Assessment of Immunologically Relevant Dynamic Tertiary Structural Features of the HIV-1 V3 Loop Crown R2 Sequence by ab initio Folding

Published on: September 15, 2010

9.7K

Mutation-driven RRE stem-loop II conformational change induces HIV-1 nuclear export dysfunction.

Manju Ojha1, Lucia Hudson1, Amanda Photenhauer2

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, United States.

Nucleic Acids Research
|July 4, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The HIV-1 Rev response element (RRE) can adopt multiple structures, impacting viral RNA export. A compact RRE fold is functional, while an extended fold inhibits Rev binding, offering new drug targets.

More Related Videos

Detection of Viral RNA by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization FISH
10:16

Detection of Viral RNA by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization FISH

Published on: May 5, 2012

38.9K
Identification of Nucleolar Factors During HIV-1 Replication Through Rev Immunoprecipitation and Mass Spectrometry
09:38

Identification of Nucleolar Factors During HIV-1 Replication Through Rev Immunoprecipitation and Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 26, 2019

8.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 17, 2025

Assessment of Immunologically Relevant Dynamic Tertiary Structural Features of the HIV-1 V3 Loop Crown R2 Sequence by ab initio Folding
10:50

Assessment of Immunologically Relevant Dynamic Tertiary Structural Features of the HIV-1 V3 Loop Crown R2 Sequence by ab initio Folding

Published on: September 15, 2010

9.7K
Detection of Viral RNA by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization FISH
10:16

Detection of Viral RNA by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization FISH

Published on: May 5, 2012

38.9K
Identification of Nucleolar Factors During HIV-1 Replication Through Rev Immunoprecipitation and Mass Spectrometry
09:38

Identification of Nucleolar Factors During HIV-1 Replication Through Rev Immunoprecipitation and Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 26, 2019

8.2K

Area of Science:

  • Structural biology
  • Virology
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • The Rev response element (RRE) and viral protein Rev are crucial for HIV-1 nuclear export of unspliced viral RNAs.
  • Understanding RRE structure and its interaction with Rev is key to elucidating HIV-1 replication mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the crystal structure of HIV-1 RRE stem-loop II (SLII).
  • To investigate the functional implications of different RRE SLII conformations on Rev binding and HIV-1 nuclear export.

Main Methods:

  • X-ray crystallography was used to determine the structure of wild-type and mutant HIV-1 RRE SLII.
  • In vitro Rev binding assays and Rev activity measurements in HIV-1-infected cells were performed.

Main Results:

  • The crystal structure revealed a unique three-way junction architecture for RRE SLII.
  • Mutant analyses showed that RRE SLII can adopt either a compact or an extended conformation.
  • The compact fold is functional, whereas the extended conformation inhibits Rev binding and oligomerization, leading to impaired nuclear export.

Conclusions:

  • HIV-1 RRE SLII exhibits structural plasticity, adopting multiple conformations.
  • This structural plasticity influences Rev binding and oligomerization, regulating HIV-1 nuclear export.
  • Targeting specific RRE conformations presents a potential strategy for developing novel anti-HIV drugs.