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Related Concept Videos

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

349
Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
349
Green Algae01:21

Green Algae

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Green algae, also referred to as chlorophytes, are different from red algae in having the chloroplasts containing chlorophylls a and b, which give them their distinct green hue. However, they lack phycobiliproteins, preventing them from developing the red or blue-green pigmentation seen in red algae. In terms of photosynthetic pigment composition, green algae closely resemble plants and share a close evolutionary relationship with them. Taxonomically Green algae belong to Phylum Chlorophyta in...
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Other Algae01:19

Other Algae

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The group Stramenopiles include some phototrophic microorganisms. Members of this group possess flagella covered in numerous short, hairlike extensions, a feature that inspired the group's name, derived from the Latin words for "straw" and "hair." Some of the main categories of Stramenopiles include diatoms, golden algae, and brown algae.Diatoms are unicellular, photosynthetic eukaryotes, with over 200 known genera. They play a key role in the planktonic communities of both marine and...
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Overview of Algae01:28

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The kingdom Archaeplastida encompasses red and green algae, along with land plants. Unlike other protists with chloroplasts that arose through secondary endosymbiosis, only red and green algae originated from primary endosymbiotic events. This diverse group of eukaryotic organisms contains chlorophyll and performs oxygenic photosynthesis.Algae exist in various forms, from large brown kelp in coastal waters to green scum in puddles and stains on rocks or soil. Some species are responsible for...
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Red Algae01:23

Red Algae

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Red algae, also known as rhodophytes, are primarily found in marine environments, though some species inhabit freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. These organisms exist in both unicellular and multicellular forms, with some multicellular varieties reaching macroscopic sizes.As phototrophic organisms, red algae contain chlorophyll a; however, their chloroplasts lack chlorophyll b. Instead, they possess phycobiliproteins, which serve as major light-harvesting pigments, similar to those found in...
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Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

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Plant- and microalgae-made fish vaccines.

Carlos Angulo1, Martha Reyes-Becerril1, Bernardo Bañuelos-Hernández2

  • 1Immunology & Vaccinology Group and Laboratorio Nacional CONAHCYT de Generación de Vacunas Veterinarias y Servicios de Diagnóstico (LNC-GVD, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, B.C.S. 23096, Mexico.

Fish & Shellfish Immunology
|July 4, 2025
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Summary

Plant and microalgae-based vaccines offer a sustainable solution for fish aquaculture diseases. This review explores their development, application, and potential for industrial adoption in aquatic vaccination.

Keywords:
Edible vaccinesEukaryotic vaccine platformGreen and blue biotechnologyOral vaccinesRecombinant protein

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Area of Science:

  • Aquaculture
  • Biotechnology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Fish aquaculture faces significant disease challenges impacting sustainable food production.
  • The development of effective and affordable aquatic vaccines is crucial for the industry.
  • Plants and microalgae are established platforms for vaccine production and oral delivery in other sectors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the use of plants and microalgae as platforms for producing fish vaccines.
  • To outline strategies and tools for efficient vaccine production using these systems.
  • To discuss challenges and future prospects for industrial adoption of plant- and microalgae-based fish vaccines.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on plant- and microalgae-based vaccine technologies for aquaculture.
  • Analysis of workflows, engineering tools, and fish immunology principles relevant to vaccine development.
  • Examination of existing plant- and microalgae-made vaccines for fish.

Main Results:

  • Plant and microalgae systems show promise for developing cost-effective oral vaccines for fish.
  • Specific examples of plant- and microalgae-derived vaccines for aquaculture have demonstrated efficacy.
  • Key obstacles to industrial adoption have been identified, with proposed solutions.

Conclusions:

  • Plants and microalgae represent viable and sustainable platforms for fish vaccine production.
  • Further research and strategic development are needed to overcome current limitations.
  • Successful industrial adoption could significantly enhance disease management in global aquaculture.