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Updated: Sep 16, 2025

Photopatterning Proteins and Cells in Aqueous Environment Using TiO2 Photocatalysis

Photopatterning Proteins and Cells in Aqueous Environment Using TiO2 Photocatalysis

Published on: October 26, 2015

Immunocompetent cell targeting by food-additive titanium dioxide.

John W Wills¹, Alicja Dabrowska², Jack Robertson²

¹Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. jw2020@cam.ac.uk.

Nature Communications

|July 4, 2025

Summary

Food-grade titanium dioxide (fgTiO2) accumulates in immune cells within the gut, not quiescent cells. A new mouse model allows for human-relevant risk assessments of these bio-persistent nanoparticles.

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Nanotoxicology
Gastroenterology

Background:

Food-grade titanium dioxide (fgTiO2) is a bio-persistent nanoparticle facing regulatory scrutiny.
Previously, fgTiO2 was thought to accumulate only in quiescent intestinal pigment cells.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify immunocompetent cell targets of fgTiO2 in humans.
To develop a mouse model for assessing human-relevant risks of ingested fgTiO2.

Main Methods:

Multimodal microscopy with single-particle detection.
Correlative dosimetry to quantify cellular exposures.
Proximity extension analyses for 92 protein targets.
Oral Salmonella challenge in a fgTiO2-fed mouse model.

Main Results:

fgTiO2 is funneled by microfold cells into immunocompetent LysoMac and LysoDC cells in Peyer's patches.
No measurable perturbation of cell signaling pathways by fgTiO2 alone was observed.
Salmonella infection induced cell migration and pro-inflammatory signaling, but fgTiO2 did not augment this response.

Conclusions:

Immunocompetent cells, not quiescent pigment cells, are the primary in vivo targets for fgTiO2.
A mouse model successfully recapitulates human fgTiO2 tissue distribution and enables risk assessment.