Intelligent brain tumor detection using hybrid finetuned deep transfer features and ensemble machine learning...

Brain tumours (BTs) are severe neurological disorders. They affect more than 308,000 people each year worldwide. The mortality rate is over 251,000 deaths annually (IARC, 2020 reports). Detecting BTs is complex because they vary in nature. Early diagnosis is essential for better survival rates. The study presents a new system for detecting BTs. It combines deep (DL) learning and machine (ML) learning techniques. The system uses advanced models like Inception-V3, ResNet-50, and VGG-16 for feature extraction, and for dimensional reduction, it uses the PCA model. It also employs ensemble methods such as Stacking, k-NN, Gradient Boosting, AdaBoost, Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), and Support Vector Machines for classification and predicts the BTs using MRI scans. The MRI scans were resized to 224 × 224 pixels, and pixel intensities were normalized to a [0,1] scale. We apply the Gaussian filter for stability. We use the Keras Image Data Generator for image augmentation. It applied methods like zooming and ± 10% brightness adjustments. The dataset has 5,712 MRI scans. These scans are classified into four groups: Meningioma, No-Tumor, Glioma, and Pituitary. A tenfold cross-validation method helps check if the model is reliable. Deep transfer (TL) learning and ensemble ML models work well together. They showed excellent results in detecting BTs. The stacking ensemble model achieved the highest accuracy across all feature extraction methods, with ResNet-50 features reduced by PCA (500), producing an accuracy of 0.957, 95% CI: 0.948-0.966; AUC: 0.996, 95% CI: 0.989-0.998, significantly outperforming baselines (p < 0.01). Neural networks and gradient-boosting models also show strong performance. The stacking model is robust and reliable. This method is useful for medical applications. Future studies will focus on using multi-modal imaging. This will help improve diagnostic accuracy. The research improves early detection of brain tumors.