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Updated: Sep 16, 2025

A Bioluminescent and Fluorescent Orthotopic Syngeneic Murine Model of Androgen-dependent and Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer
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Immunotherapy in metastatic prostate cancer

Liam Dwyer1,2, Claudia Leslie1, Rhiannon Mellor1,3,4

  • 1Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.

Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology
|July 7, 2025
PubMed

Over the last 15 years, immunotherapy has revolutionised treatment paradigms and improved outcomes in a range of malignancies. Despite these advances, the role of immunotherapy in standard prostate cancer (PCa) management is limited, and Sipuleucel-T is the only approved immunotherapeutic agent. This article reviews the role of checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), T-cell engagers (TCEs) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells in PCa treatment. Phase II/III trials of ICIs as monotherapy or combination treatment have been negative to date. Early phase data for TCE are promising, but the feasibility of adoption of TCEs into the clinic will depend on overcoming neutralising anti-drug antibodies and limiting toxicities. CAR-T cells have demonstrated feasibility and acceptable safety profiles in early phase clinical trials, and it is hoped that the ongoing development of later-generation constructs and therapeutic combinations will enhance outcomes.

Keywords:
BiTECAR-T cellT cell engager therapybispecific T cell engagercheckpoint inhibitorchimeric antigen receptor-T cellimmunotherapyprostate cancer

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