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Related Concept Videos

Brain Imaging01:14

Brain Imaging

Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans),  magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),  functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS).

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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Sensory Entrained TMS (seTMS) Enhances Motor Cortex Excitability.

Jessica M Ross1,2,3, Lily Forman1,2, Juha Gogulski1,2,4,5

  • 1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, USA.

Human Brain Mapping
|July 7, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sensory Entrained TMS (seTMS) uses musical rhythms to time transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) pulses, enhancing brain excitability. This novel method improves motor-evoked potentials, offering a practical approach for non-invasive brain stimulation.

Keywords:
electroencephalogram (EEG)motor evoked potential (MEP)non‐invasive brain stimulation (NIBS)transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Human Motor Physiology
  • Brain Stimulation

Background:

  • Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is vital for studying motor physiology but suffers from response variability.
  • This variability stems from mistimed TMS pulses relative to ongoing brain oscillations.
  • Optimizing TMS timing is crucial for enhanced mechanistic insights and clinical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and evaluate Sensory Entrained TMS (seTMS), a novel method synchronizing TMS pulses with brain oscillations using musical rhythms.
  • To investigate if rhythm-evoked sensorimotor alpha phase alignment enhances primary motor cortex (M1) excitability.
  • To assess the impact of seTMS on motor-evoked potentials (MEPs).

Main Methods:

  • Electroencephalography (EEG) confirmed that listening to musical rhythms desynchronizes inhibitory sensorimotor rhythms (mu oscillations) approximately 200 ms before auditory events.
  • Single TMS pulses were delivered over M1 200 ms before rhythmic auditory stimuli.
  • Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded to measure M1 excitability.

Main Results:

  • Passive listening to rhythms induced predictable desynchronization of sensorimotor alpha oscillations.
  • seTMS delivered 200 ms before auditory events resulted in significantly larger MEPs compared to standard TMS and a control condition.
  • MEP enhancement via seTMS was independent of musical experience.

Conclusions:

  • seTMS effectively enhances corticomotor excitability by precisely timing TMS pulses to brain oscillations.
  • This method offers a practical and cost-effective strategy for optimizing non-invasive brain stimulation outcomes.
  • seTMS represents a significant advancement in synchronizing brain activity for improved stimulation efficacy.