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Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on the Primary Motor Cortex by Online Combined Approach with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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Sensory Entrained TMS (seTMS) enhances motor cortex excitability.

Jessica M Ross1,2,3, Lily Forman1,2, Juha Gogulski1,2,4,5

  • 1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|December 9, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Sensory Entrained TMS (seTMS) uses musical rhythms to time transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) pulses, significantly enhancing motor cortex excitability. This novel method synchronizes brain oscillations for improved non-invasive brain stimulation outcomes.

Keywords:
Electroencephalogram (EEG)Motor Evoked Potential (MEP)Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS)Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Human Motor Physiology
  • Brain-Computer Interfaces

Background:

  • Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is vital for studying motor physiology but suffers from response variability.
  • This variability stems from mistimed TMS pulses relative to ongoing brain oscillations.
  • Precise timing of TMS is crucial for enhancing mechanistic insights and clinical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and validate Sensory Entrained TMS (seTMS), a method synchronizing brain oscillations with musical rhythms to optimize TMS timing.
  • To investigate if rhythm-evoked sensorimotor alpha phase alignment enhances primary motor cortical (M1) excitability.
  • To assess the impact of seTMS on motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in healthy adults.

Main Methods:

  • Electroencephalography (EEG) confirmed that listening to musical rhythms desynchronizes mu oscillations approximately 200 ms before auditory events.
  • Single TMS pulses were delivered over M1 200 ms prior to rhythmic auditory stimuli.
  • Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded to measure M1 excitability.

Main Results:

  • Passive listening to rhythms desynchronized sensorimotor mu oscillations, creating a predictable window for stimulation.
  • seTMS delivery resulted in significantly larger MEPs compared to standard TMS and a control condition.
  • MEP enhancement via seTMS was independent of participants' musical experience.

Conclusions:

  • seTMS effectively enhances corticomotor excitability by precisely timing TMS pulses to synchronized brain rhythms.
  • This approach offers a practical and cost-effective strategy for optimizing non-invasive brain stimulation.
  • seTMS holds promise for improving the efficacy of brain stimulation therapies.