Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

What are Viruses?00:50

What are Viruses?

Overview
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Ultralow-Volume Treatments for Mosquito-Borne Diseases.

JAMA health forum·2026
Same author

Cross-sectional analysis of chikungunya vaccine acceptability among residents of Ponce, Puerto Rico, 2024-2025.

Vaccine·2026
Same author

Yellow fever outbreak potential in Djibouti, Somalia and Yemen: a mathematical modelling study.

BMC global and public health·2026
Same author

Long-term Sequelae Associated With Severe West Nile Virus Disease in Maricopa County, Arizona, 2021.

Open forum infectious diseases·2026
Same author

Delays in Diagnosis of Powassan Virus Encephalitis-Vermont, 2022-2023.

Open forum infectious diseases·2026
Same author

Notes from the Field: Increase in Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Activity - Vermont, 2023-2024.

MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report·2026
Same journal

Online Prescribing of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists.

JAMA·2026
Same journal

Using AI Disagreement to Expose Gaps in Coverage Rules.

JAMA·2026
Same journal

Randomized Trials in Pregnancy.

JAMA·2026
Same journal

Randomized Trials in Pregnancy-Reply.

JAMA·2026
Same journal

WHO Issues Guidelines for Treating Ebola and Marburg Viruses.

JAMA·2026
Same journal

FDA Approves Additional Naloxone Nasal Spray for Opioid Overdose.

JAMA·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Detection of Infectious Virus from Field-collected Mosquitoes by Vero Cell Culture Assay
07:23

Detection of Infectious Virus from Field-collected Mosquitoes by Vero Cell Culture Assay

Published on: June 9, 2011

18.5K

West Nile Virus: A Review.

Carolyn V Gould1, J Erin Staples1, Sarah Anne J Guagliardo1

  • 1Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ft Collins, Colorado.

JAMA
|July 7, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

West Nile virus (WNV) causes about 1300 neuroinvasive cases and 130 deaths yearly in the US. Prevention focuses on personal protection and mosquito control, as no vaccines or treatments exist.

More Related Videos

In Vitro Analysis of Myd88-mediated Cellular Immune Response to West Nile Virus Mutant Strain Infection
10:39

In Vitro Analysis of Myd88-mediated Cellular Immune Response to West Nile Virus Mutant Strain Infection

Published on: November 27, 2014

8.3K
Isolation and Quantification of Zika Virus from Multiple Organs in a Mouse
10:31

Isolation and Quantification of Zika Virus from Multiple Organs in a Mouse

Published on: August 15, 2019

7.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 12, 2026

Detection of Infectious Virus from Field-collected Mosquitoes by Vero Cell Culture Assay
07:23

Detection of Infectious Virus from Field-collected Mosquitoes by Vero Cell Culture Assay

Published on: June 9, 2011

18.5K
In Vitro Analysis of Myd88-mediated Cellular Immune Response to West Nile Virus Mutant Strain Infection
10:39

In Vitro Analysis of Myd88-mediated Cellular Immune Response to West Nile Virus Mutant Strain Infection

Published on: November 27, 2014

8.3K
Isolation and Quantification of Zika Virus from Multiple Organs in a Mouse
10:31

Isolation and Quantification of Zika Virus from Multiple Organs in a Mouse

Published on: August 15, 2019

7.7K

Area of Science:

  • Medical Entomology
  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • West Nile virus (WNV) is a leading cause of mosquito-borne illness in the US, transmitted by Culex mosquitoes.
  • Annual WNV neuroinvasive disease cases and deaths in the US average 1300 and 130, respectively.
  • While most infections are asymptomatic, severe neuroinvasive disease, particularly in older or immunocompromised individuals, carries significant mortality and long-term sequelae.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the epidemiology, transmission, clinical features, and prevention of West Nile virus disease.
  • To highlight the public health impact of WNV in the United States.
  • To inform clinical considerations for diagnosis and management of WNV infections.

Main Methods:

  • Review of WNV surveillance data and published literature on transmission, clinical presentation, and outcomes.
  • Analysis of seroprevalence surveys and case reports.
  • Summary of diagnostic testing recommendations and preventive strategies.

Main Results:

  • WNV causes an average of 1300 neuroinvasive disease cases and 130 deaths annually in the US.
  • Risk factors for severe disease and mortality include advanced age, hematologic malignancies, solid organ transplants, and B-cell-depleting therapies.
  • Rare transmission routes include blood transfusion and organ transplantation, necessitating ongoing surveillance and screening.

Conclusions:

  • WNV remains a significant public health threat in the US, with substantial annual morbidity and mortality.
  • Effective prevention relies on personal protective measures, mosquito control, and public health surveillance.
  • There are currently no specific therapies or vaccines for WNV disease, underscoring the importance of prevention.