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Notes from the Field: Increase in Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Activity - Vermont, 2023-2024.
MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
|April 30, 2026
Summary
Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) activity increased in Vermont during 2023-2024. This rise in mosquito and animal cases prompted targeted public health outreach in affected regions.
Area of Science:
- Arbovirology
- Public Health Entomology
- Veterinary Medicine
Background:
- Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is a serious mosquito-borne illness affecting humans and animals.
- EEEV causes severe neuroinvasive disease with high mortality and long-term sequelae in survivors.
- No human vaccine exists, and treatment is supportive.
Purpose of the Study:
- To describe EEEV activity in Vermont from 2023-2024.
- To analyze human and equine cases alongside mosquito surveillance data.
- To inform targeted public health interventions.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of human and equine EEE cases reported to the Vermont Department of Health.
- Review of statewide mosquito surveillance data for EEEV.
- Correlation of EEEV activity with geographic and temporal trends.
Main Results:
- EEEV activity in Vermont mammals and mosquitoes showed an increase during 2023-2024 compared to 2012-2022.
- Specific regions experienced heightened EEEV presence, necessitating focused public health actions.
- Surveillance data provided critical insights into the enzootic cycle and transmission dynamics.
Conclusions:
- Increased EEEV activity in Vermont during 2023-2024 highlights the need for ongoing surveillance and public awareness.
- The findings support targeted outreach strategies in areas with elevated EEEV transmission.
- Continued monitoring is essential for managing the risk of EEEV to human and animal populations.
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