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pH-driven chromophore amplification enables high-efficiency phosphorescent carbon dots.

Guohui Yang1, Pinyi He1, Jianliang Bai1

  • 1School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.

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|July 9, 2025
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Summary

Synthesizing phosphorescent carbon dots (CDs) using solvothermal methods is common. Adjusting the pH during synthesis significantly enhances their phosphorescent quantum yields by increasing surface carbonyl groups.

Keywords:
Carbon dots (CDs)Phosphorescent quantum yieldSolvothermal synthesisSurface carbonyl groupspH regulation

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Photochemistry

Background:

  • Solvothermal synthesis is a primary method for creating phosphorescent carbon dots (CDs).
  • Controlling reaction conditions, especially pH, is crucial for tuning CD properties.
  • The specific impact of pH on phosphorescent behavior requires systematic investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of solvothermal pH on the phosphorescent properties of carbon dots.
  • To establish the relationship between synthesis pH, surface carbonyl groups, and phosphorescent quantum yield (Φp).

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of carbon dots (CDs) under three distinct solvothermal pH conditions (9.5, 11, and 12).
  • Quantification of phosphorescent quantum yields (Φp) for CDs synthesized at different pH values.
  • Analysis of surface carbonyl group density on CDs.
  • Combined experimental and computational analyses.

Main Results:

  • Phosphorescent quantum yields (Φp) of CDs increased with increasing pH: 0.4% (pH 9.5), 0.58% (pH 11), and 1.69% (pH 12).
  • A direct correlation was observed between synthesis pH, surface carbonyl group density, and Φp.
  • Increased density of surface-bound carbonyl chromophores is identified as the primary factor for enhanced phosphorescence.

Conclusions:

  • Solvothermal pH is a critical parameter for optimizing the phosphorescent properties of carbon dots.
  • Surface carbonyl groups act as key chromophores, directly influencing phosphorescent quantum yield.
  • This study provides a novel understanding of pH-modulated phosphorescence in carbon dots.