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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 16, 2025

Modulating Cognition Using Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Cerebellum
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Cerebellar and subcortical contributions to working memory manipulation.

Joshua B Tan1,2, Isabella F Orlando1, Christopher Whyte1,2

  • 1Brain and Mind Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.

Communications Biology
|July 9, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Subcortical and cerebellar regions play a crucial role in working memory manipulation, working alongside the cortex. Their precise timing is essential for successful cognitive tasks.

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Last Updated: Sep 16, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Working memory models often overlook subcortical and cerebellar roles.
  • These brain regions possess extensive connectivity with the cortex.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the distinct and complementary functions of the cerebellum, subcortex, and cortex in working memory manipulation.
  • To test the hypothesis of collaborative contributions from these brain structures.

Main Methods:

  • Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) was employed to measure blood oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) activity.
  • Participants performed a mental rotation task to assess working memory manipulation.

Main Results:

  • A distributed network involving the cortex, subcortex, and cerebellum was identified.
  • This network differentiated between rotated and non-rotated stimuli, and correct versus incorrect responses.
  • Delayed neural responses in premotor, subcortical, and cerebellar regions during incorrect trials were observed.

Conclusions:

  • The findings suggest that subcortical and cerebellar regions contribute distinct functions to working memory manipulation.
  • Precise recruitment and timing of these regions are critical for successful cognitive task performance.
  • Current working memory models should be expanded to include the collaborative roles of subcortical and cerebellar structures.