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Brittle materials, including glass, cast iron, and stone, exhibit unique characteristics. They fracture without considerable change in their elongation rate, indicating that their breaking and ultimate strength are equivalent. Such materials also show lower strain levels at the point of rupture. The failure in brittle materials predominantly results from normal stresses, as evidenced by the rupture created along a surface perpendicular to the applied load. These materials do not display...
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A material's elastic behavior is characterized by the disappearance of stress once the load is removed, allowing the material to return to its original state. However, when stress surpasses the yield point, yielding commences, marking the onset of plastic deformation or permanent set. This change from elastic to plastic behavior is influenced by the peak stress value and the duration before the load is removed. An intriguing observation occurs when a specimen is loaded, unloaded, and...
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Granular Hydrogels as Brittle Yield Stress Fluids.

Gunnar B Thompson1,2, Jiye Lee1, Krutarth M Kamani1

  • 1Dept. Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 600 S Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|July 10, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals granular hydrogels act as brittle yield stress fluids, quantified using the Kamani-Donley-Rogers (KDR) model with Brittility (Bt). This framework aids in designing hydrogels for biomedical applications like 3D bioprinting.

Keywords:
brittilitygranular hydrogelgranular mixturerecovery rheologyself‐healing

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Rheology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Granular hydrogels are vital in biomedical fields.
  • Existing rheological methods often overlook transient yielding and unyielding behaviors.
  • A comprehensive understanding of granular hydrogel rheology is needed for advanced applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the steady and transient rheology of granular hydrogels.
  • To apply the Kamani-Donley-Rogers (KDR) model with Brittility (Bt) to granular hydrogels.
  • To identify key microgel properties and granular compositions influencing rheological behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized oscillatory shear testing combined with the Kamani-Donley-Rogers (KDR) model and Brittility (Bt).
  • Investigated polyethylene glycol and gelatin microgels with varying properties and granular compositions.
  • Quantified steady-state and transient rheological parameters.

Main Results:

  • Granular hydrogels exhibit behavior as brittle yield stress fluids.
  • The KDR model with Bt effectively captures granular hydrogel rheology across diverse parameters.
  • Monotonic relationships were observed between composition and elastic modulus, structural viscosity, and brittility.
  • Mixtures showed lower yield stress compared to monolithic hydrogels.
  • Microgel size distribution and polymer fraction were most influential in monolithic hydrogels.

Conclusions:

  • The KDR model with Bt provides a quantitative framework for understanding granular hydrogel rheology.
  • This framework is crucial for the rational design of hydrogels for applications such as injection, in situ stabilization, and 3D bioprinting.
  • The study highlights the importance of transient rheological properties in hydrogel design.