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Photostimulation by Femtosecond Laser Activates Extracellular-signal-regulated Kinase ERK Signaling or Mitochondrial Events in Target Cells

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Exploring Immediate Photon Effects From 635 nm Light on Mitochondrial Bioenergetics.

Natasha F Mezzacappo¹, Natalia M Inada¹, Edilene S Siqueira-Santos²

¹São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, SP, Brazil.

Journal of Biophotonics

|July 10, 2025

Summary

Visible light impacts mitochondria by altering inner membrane permeability and increasing respiration. These findings reveal red light

Keywords:

bioenergetics laser mitochondria photobiomodulation proton leak respirometry

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Published on: February 3, 2023

Area of Science:

Mitochondrial bioenergetics
Cellular photobiology

Background:

Photon interaction mechanisms with mitochondria are not fully understood.
Visible light's cellular effects are primarily targeted at mitochondria.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the in vitro effects of 635 nm laser irradiation on isolated mouse liver mitochondria.
To elucidate the impact of red light on mitochondrial function and bioenergetics.

Main Methods:

Isolated mouse liver mitochondria were subjected to 635 nm laser irradiation.
Real-time oxygen consumption and mitochondrial swelling were analyzed post-irradiation.
Varying power densities (31.6–211.7 mW/cm²) were applied.

Main Results:

Irradiation at 800 mW (211.7 mW/cm²) elevated proton leak during ATP synthase inhibition, indicating increased inner membrane permeability.
Basal respiration increased at 400 mW (129.1 mW/cm²) and 800 mW.
Mitochondria showed increased susceptibility to Ca²⁺-triggered swelling post-irradiation.

Conclusions:

Red light (635 nm) induces transient and localized effects on mitochondrial bioenergetics.
The study highlights the complex mechanisms of cellular and mitochondrial photostimulation.
Findings suggest alterations in mitochondrial membrane permeability and respiratory function.