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Updated: Sep 16, 2025

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Pattern recognition receptors: function, regulation and therapeutic potential.

Ruochan Chen1,2,3, Ju Zou4,5,6, Jiawang Chen4,5,6,7

  • 1Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. 405031@csu.edu.cn.

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy
|July 10, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are crucial immune sensors linking innate and adaptive immunity. This review details PRR functions, signaling, regulation, and therapeutic potential in diseases.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are vital immune sensors that detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs).
  • They bridge innate and adaptive immunity, initiating defense and maintaining homeostasis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the classification, structure, and signaling of key PRR families (TLRs, CLRs, NLRs, ALRs).
  • To explore PRRs' roles in immune defense, regulation, ligand recognition, and disease.
  • To discuss therapeutic strategies targeting PRRs for various diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of PRR classification, structure, and signaling pathways.
  • Analysis of PRR involvement in immune responses and disease pathogenesis.
  • Exploration of regulatory mechanisms and therapeutic applications of PRRs.

Main Results:

  • PRRs encompass TLRs, CLRs, NLRs, and ALRs, each with distinct structures and signaling cascades.
  • PRRs play dual roles in immune defense and regulation, with inhibitory PRRs (iPRRs) preventing overactivation.
  • Signaling pathways like NF-κB, MAPK, and cGAS-STING are modulated by PRRs, influencing disease progression.

Conclusions:

  • PRR signaling is precisely regulated by transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and other mechanisms to prevent excessive inflammation.
  • Targeting PRRs offers significant therapeutic potential for infectious, inflammatory, autoimmune, and malignant diseases.
  • Understanding PRRs is key to advancing immunological research and precision medicine.