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Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Cutting-Edge Developments at the Interface of Inorganic Solid-State Electrolytes.

Yi Chen1, Ji Qian1,2,3, Ke Wang1

  • 1Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|July 11, 2025
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Summary

This review details advances in inorganic solid-state electrolytes (ISEs) for solid-state batteries (SSBs). Understanding ISE interfaces is key to improving battery performance, stability, and safety for commercialization.

Keywords:
high‐throughput experimentsinorganic solid‐state electrolyteinterface characterization methodmachine learningsolid‐state battery interface

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Solid-State Batteries

Background:

  • Inorganic solid-state electrolytes (ISEs) are essential for solid-state batteries (SSBs).
  • Interfacial properties critically impact SSB performance, stability, and safety.
  • Current challenges in ISE interfaces hinder commercialization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review recent advances in the interfaces of inorganic solid-state electrolytes (ISEs).
  • To discuss the composition, structure, and reaction phenomena at SSB interfaces.
  • To explore advanced characterization and informatics strategies for interface engineering.

Main Methods:

  • Classification of ISEs (oxides, sulfides, halides) and their characteristics.
  • Analysis of interfacial factors influencing internal resistance, cycling stability, and safety.
  • Detailed review of advanced microscopic, spectroscopic, electrochemical, and NMR techniques for interface characterization.
  • Exploration of informatics strategies like high-throughput computing and machine learning for material screening and property prediction.

Main Results:

  • Significant progress in understanding ISE interfaces and their impact on battery performance.
  • Identification of key factors affecting internal resistance, cycling stability, and safety.
  • Advancements in characterization techniques provide deeper insights into interfacial microstructures and chemical properties.
  • Informatics strategies show promise in predicting interfacial stability and optimizing materials.

Conclusions:

  • Despite progress, challenges in ISE interfaces persist, impeding SSB commercialization.
  • Future research must focus on multi-scale, multi-technique approaches for interface optimization.
  • Accelerating SSB development requires continued efforts in understanding and engineering ISE interfaces.