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Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 15, 2026

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques

Published on: November 11, 2013

Engineering Molecular Rivets to Tune Pore Structure for Significantly Enhanced Sodium Storage.

Rigan Xu¹, Qi Liu¹, Yiqing Li¹

¹Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Science and Engineering, School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing, China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)

|April 14, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new method to create advanced hard carbon (HC) using 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. The resulting HC shows improved capacity and stability for sodium-ion batteries.

Keywords:

hard carbon sodium ion battery sodium storage mechanism structure regulation

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrochemistry
Energy Storage

Background:

Hard carbon (HC) application is limited by low capacity, poor stability, and complex synthesis.
Developing efficient and scalable HC materials is crucial for next-generation batteries.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize a novel crosslinked hard carbon (HC) using 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF).
To enhance the electrochemical performance of HC for sodium-ion battery applications.

Main Methods:

Utilized HMF as a crosslinking agent to create a precursor for HC synthesis.
Employed an intermolecular reaction strategy to form HC rich in closed pores and C=O functional groups.

Main Results:

Synthesized HC with increased closed pore volume (0.0447 cm³ g⁻¹).
Achieved high reversible specific capacity (329.19 mAh g⁻¹) and plateau capacity (233.8 mAh g⁻¹).
Demonstrated excellent cycling stability (243.85 mAh g⁻¹ after 1000 cycles at 1C) and rate capability (187.33 mAh g⁻¹ at 5C).

Conclusions:

The crosslinking strategy effectively enhances HC performance by improving pore structure and functional groups.
The novel HC material offers a promising solution for high-capacity and long-life sodium-ion batteries.