Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Muscles that Move the Leg01:23

Muscles that Move the Leg

The movement of the legs is facilitated by numerous muscles located within the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh.
Anterior Compartment
The quadriceps femoris, the most visible muscle of the anterior compartment, is integral for leg extension and thigh flexion. It is formed by merging four distinct muscles — the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris. The quadriceps tendon, a shared tendon of the four quadriceps muscles, is affixed to...
Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes01:28

Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes

The human leg comprises an intricate system of muscles that facilitate the movement of feet and toes. Within this system, the muscles are categorized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments, each with a unique set of muscles carrying out specific functions.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment includes muscles that contribute to the dorsiflexion of the foot. This compartment houses the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus muscles.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Associations between eating windows and demographics in veterans with spinal cord injury: Results of a single-site study.

The journal of spinal cord medicine·2026
Same author

Different View of the Issue: Seeing Disability Through the Lens of Diversity and Inclusivity in Health Care in the United States.

American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation·2025
Same author

Comparison of daily step count between the Fitbit Inspire 3 and the activPAL 3 in adults with transtibial amputation.

Frontiers in rehabilitation sciences·2024
Same author

Integrative approach for women with fibromyalgia in a Veterans Affairs Medical Center: An observational study.

Medicine·2023
Same author

Minimally invasive electrical rectal stimulation promotes bowel emptying in an individual with spinal cord injury.

The journal of spinal cord medicine·2023
Same author

Time restricted eating facilitates weight loss and improves cardiometabolic profile in a female veteran with multiple sclerosis: A case report.

The journal of spinal cord medicine·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 21, 2026

Paradigms of Lower Extremity Electrical Stimulation Training After Spinal Cord Injury
08:07

Paradigms of Lower Extremity Electrical Stimulation Training After Spinal Cord Injury

Published on: February 1, 2018

12.8K

Robotic-Assisted Leg Stretching Techniques Facilitated by a Powered Exercise Machine and Functional Electrical

Steven Evangelos, Nicholas Rubino, Steven W Brose

    IEEE ... International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics : [Proceedings]
    |July 11, 2025
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study introduces a powered device for consistent and personalized stretching, improving range of motion (ROM). The system successfully demonstrated static, active isolated (AIS), and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) techniques in able-bodied individuals.

    More Related Videos

    Quantifying Arms and Legs Contributions during Repetitive Electrically-Assisted Sit-To-Stand Exercise in Paraplegics: A Pilot Study
    08:40

    Quantifying Arms and Legs Contributions during Repetitive Electrically-Assisted Sit-To-Stand Exercise in Paraplegics: A Pilot Study

    Published on: November 11, 2022

    1.2K
    Author Spotlight: Assessing Brain Activity in Robotic-Assisted Lower Limb Rehabilitation Using fNIRS
    05:25

    Author Spotlight: Assessing Brain Activity in Robotic-Assisted Lower Limb Rehabilitation Using fNIRS

    Published on: June 7, 2024

    1.4K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jul 21, 2026

    Paradigms of Lower Extremity Electrical Stimulation Training After Spinal Cord Injury
    08:07

    Paradigms of Lower Extremity Electrical Stimulation Training After Spinal Cord Injury

    Published on: February 1, 2018

    12.8K
    Quantifying Arms and Legs Contributions during Repetitive Electrically-Assisted Sit-To-Stand Exercise in Paraplegics: A Pilot Study
    08:40

    Quantifying Arms and Legs Contributions during Repetitive Electrically-Assisted Sit-To-Stand Exercise in Paraplegics: A Pilot Study

    Published on: November 11, 2022

    1.2K
    Author Spotlight: Assessing Brain Activity in Robotic-Assisted Lower Limb Rehabilitation Using fNIRS
    05:25

    Author Spotlight: Assessing Brain Activity in Robotic-Assisted Lower Limb Rehabilitation Using fNIRS

    Published on: June 7, 2024

    1.4K

    Area of Science:

    • Rehabilitation Engineering
    • Biomechanics
    • Robotics

    Background:

    • Stretching exercises are crucial for enhancing range of motion (ROM) and preventing injuries.
    • Current manual stretching methods are labor-intensive and lack personalization.
    • Spinal cord injury patients can benefit from stretching for spasticity management and improved ROM.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and assess a powered device for implementing static, active isolated (AIS), and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching techniques.
    • To create a robust closed-loop controller for precise ROM control during stretching.
    • To evaluate the feasibility of using Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) with stretching protocols.

    Main Methods:

    • A powered device with a rigid pivot arm and Bowden cable was designed to control leg rotation for hamstring stretching.
    • A robust kinematic closed-loop controller was developed using Lyapunov stability analysis for precise ROM tracking.
    • The device integrated Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) for AIS and PNF stretching at target ROM endpoints.

    Main Results:

    • The powered device successfully emulated static, AIS, and PNF stretching techniques on the hamstring complex.
    • Experiments with two able-bodied individuals demonstrated the feasibility of the device's protocols.
    • The controller ensured exponential tracking of the desired range of motion.

    Conclusions:

    • A powered device with a closed-loop controller can effectively and repeatably deliver personalized stretching protocols.
    • This technology offers a promising solution for consistent and automated flexibility training.
    • The system demonstrates potential for rehabilitation and performance enhancement applications.