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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

678
Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
678
Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

48
Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
48
Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

66
The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
66
Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management01:21

Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management

35
Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) management can be divided into two main strategies: prevention and long-term management.Primary PreventionPrimary prevention focuses on timely diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis to prevent acute rheumatic fever. The most widely used antibiotic for treating this condition is intramuscular benzathine penicillin G.Acute Rheumatic Fever TreatmentThe primary treatment goal for a patient diagnosed with acute rheumatic fever is to suppress the...
35
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

1.4K
When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
1.4K
Pericarditis I: Introduction01:22

Pericarditis I: Introduction

26
Pericarditis is defined as the inflammation of the pericardium, the thin, sac-like membrane surrounding the heart. This condition can cause significant chest pain and other symptoms, often necessitating medical intervention. The pericardium has two layers: the inner visceral layer and the outer parietal layer, separated by a small amount of fluid that reduces friction during heartbeats.Types of PericarditisPericarditis can be classified into several types based on the duration and nature of the...
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Updated: Sep 16, 2025

Neuro-rehabilitation Approach for Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss
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Autoimmune Inner Ear Disease from a Rheumatologic Perspective.

Maximiliano Diaz-Menindez1, Ana-Maria Chindris2, Carolyn Mead-Harvey3

  • 1Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 12, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autoimmune inner ear disease (AIED) treatment with corticosteroids offers initial symptom relief. Subsequent use of steroid-sparing agents is crucial for long-term hearing preservation in AIED patients.

Keywords:
autoimmune responseimmunosuppression therapyrheumatologysensorineural hearing loss

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Rheumatology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Autoimmune inner ear disease (AIED) causes sensorineural hearing loss, often fluctuating and asymmetric.
  • AIED can be primary or secondary to systemic autoimmune diseases.
  • High-dose corticosteroids are the standard first-line treatment for AIED.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the demographics, treatment, and outcomes of a primary AIED cohort.
  • To analyze treatment responses to corticosteroids and other immunosuppressants.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of initial and subsequent therapies for AIED.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective chart review of patients diagnosed with AIED at Mayo Clinic.
  • Comparison of patient cohort characteristics by sex.
  • Analysis of treatment interventions and symptom responses.

Main Results:

  • Thirty-one patients with primary AIED were included; mean age 48.5 years, 17 males.
  • Corticosteroid treatment improved hearing and vestibular symptoms within the first month.
  • Methotrexate showed symptom improvement in 11 of 17 patients; other agents had varied responses.

Conclusions:

  • Initial high-dose corticosteroid therapy is effective for AIED symptom management.
  • Corticosteroid-sparing agents should be considered for sustained treatment.
  • Prompt management is essential to prevent cochlear damage in AIED.