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In mechanical engineering, a three-dimensional force system is a system of forces acting in three dimensions, with forces applied along the x, y, and z coordinate axes. The three-dimensional force system is an important concept in mechanical engineering, as it allows engineers to understand and analyze the behavior of objects and structures in three dimensions. By understanding the forces acting on a system, engineers can design more efficient and effective mechanical systems that can withstand...
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A three-dimensional force system refers to a scenario in which three forces act simultaneously in three different directions. This type of problem is commonly encountered in physics and engineering, where it is necessary to calculate the resultant force on the system, which can then be used to predict or analyze the behavior of the object or structure under consideration.
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Solving problems related to two-dimensional force systems is an essential aspect of mechanics and engineering. By applying the principles of vector analysis and force equilibrium, one can determine the effect of multiple forces acting on an object in a two-dimensional space.
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Updated: Sep 16, 2025

Quantifying Arms and Legs Contributions during Repetitive Electrically-Assisted Sit-To-Stand Exercise in Paraplegics: A Pilot Study
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Portable Technology to Measure and Visualize Body-Supporting Force Vector Fields in Everyday Environments.

Ayano Nomura1, Yoshifumi Nishida1

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo 152-0033, Japan.

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This study introduces a new system to measure how older adults use furniture for support, aiding in designing safer living spaces. It helps identify object interactions to promote independent aging.

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data visualizationlife-centric designproduct safety for older adultssensing technology

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Human-Computer Interaction
  • Ergonomics

Background:

  • Object-related accidents are common among older adults due to furniture not accommodating age-related physical changes.
  • Existing technologies for quantifying human-object interaction in daily living are limited.
  • There is a need for methods to assess how environmental objects support older adults during movement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a portable, non-disruptive system for measuring and visualizing human interaction with environmental objects.
  • To address the gap in quantitative assessment of how furniture and fixtures assist the body during transitional movements.
  • To provide insights for inclusive design promoting safe and independent aging in place.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of wearable force sensors, motion capture gloves, RGB-D cameras, and LiDAR-based environmental scanning.
  • Generation of spatial maps of body-applied forces overlaid onto point cloud representations of living environments.
  • Home-based experiments with 13 older adults (aged 69-86) across nine households.

Main Results:

  • The system successfully identified object-specific support interactions with furniture like doorframes and shelves.
  • Enabled three-dimensional comparative analysis of interactions across different living spaces (living rooms, entryways, bedrooms).
  • Visualizations captured key spatial features such as contact height and positional context without altering the environment.

Conclusions:

  • Presents a novel methodology for evaluating living environments from a life-centric perspective.
  • Offers valuable insights for the inclusive design of everyday objects and spaces.
  • Supports the goal of enabling safe and independent aging in place for older adults.