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Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

2.5K
Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
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Eddy Currents01:25

Eddy Currents

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Since eddy currents occur only in conductors, magnets can separate metals from other materials. For example, in a recycling center, trash is dumped in batches down a ramp, beneath which lies a powerful magnet. Conductors in the trash are slowed by eddy currents, while nonmetals in the trash move on, separating from the metals. This works for all metals, not just ferromagnetic ones.
Other major applications of eddy currents appear in metal detectors and the braking systems of trains and roller...
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Magnetism01:30

Magnetism

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Magnets are commonly found in everyday objects, such as toys, hangers, elevators, doorbells, and computer devices. Experimentation on these magnets shows that all magnets have two poles: one is labeled north (N) and the other south (S). Magnetic poles repel if they are alike and attract if unlike. Moreover, both poles of a magnet attract unmagnetized pieces of iron.
An individual magnetic pole cannot be isolated. No matter how small, every piece of a magnet contains a north pole and a south...
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Potential Due to a Magnetized Object01:24

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

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Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
The vector...
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Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

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Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets....
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Energy In A Magnetic Field01:24

Energy In A Magnetic Field

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If a magnetic field is sustained, there must be a current in a closed circuit or loop, implying some energy has been spent in creating the field. If this energy is not dissipated via the circuit's resistance, it is stored in the field.
Take an ideal inductor with zero resistance. Although it's practically impossible, assume that the coil's resistance is so small that it is practically negligible. The loss of the field's energy to dissipate thermal energy (or heat) is thus...
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Ferromagnetic Bare Metal Stent for Endothelial Cell Capture and Retention
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Direct Reuse of Spent Nd-Fe-B Permanent Magnets.

Zara Cherkezova-Zheleva1, Daniela Paneva1, Sabina Andreea Fironda2

  • 1Institute of Catalysis, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St., Bldg. 11, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 12, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a resource-efficient recycling method for end-of-life (EoL) Neodymium-Iron-Boron (Nd-Fe-B) magnets using mechanochemistry. The process successfully extracts magnetic grains while preserving the Nd2Fe14B phase and refining particle characteristics.

Keywords:
EoL Nd–Fe–B permanent magnetsanisotropic Nd2Fe14B material preparationcritical and strategic resource materialsmechanochemistryrare-earth elementswaste processing

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Sustainable Technology

Background:

  • Neodymium-Iron-Boron (Nd-Fe-B) magnets are critical for renewable energy, e-mobility, and defense industries.
  • Increasing demand for rare earth elements (REEs) highlights supply chain vulnerabilities and the need for sustainable recycling solutions.
  • Current recycling methods often face challenges in efficiency and environmental impact.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a resource-efficient recycling protocol for end-of-life (EoL) Nd-Fe-B magnets.
  • To investigate the application of mechanochemistry for processing waste Nd-Fe-B magnets.
  • To decrease the recycling loop span through standardized batch preparation and property-based treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Collection, sorting, and pre-treatment of waste sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets from motorbikes.
  • Application of a mechanochemical method involving high-energy ball milling for 120 minutes in a zirconia reactor.
  • Processing of non-oxidized sintered EoL magnets to extract Nd2Fe14B magnetic grains and refine microstructure.

Main Results:

  • Successful extraction of Nd2Fe14B magnetic grains from EoL magnets.
  • Preservation of the primary Nd2Fe14B magnetic phase after mechanochemical processing.
  • Achieved anisotropic particle shape and formation of a Nd/REE-rich layer on grain surfaces.

Conclusions:

  • Mechanochemical processing offers a sustainable and efficient route for recycling Nd-Fe-B magnets.
  • The developed protocol simplifies technology, reduces energy consumption, and lowers ecological impact.
  • This approach contributes to a closed-loop value chain for critical rare earth elements.