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Updated: Sep 15, 2025

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Asynchronous to synchronous waveform conversion for high frequency microwave and optical signals without external

Ali Pourkazemi1, Salar Tayebi2, Fahimeh Akbarian2,3

  • 1Department of Electronics and Informatics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, 1050, Belgium. apourkaz@etrovub.be.

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|July 12, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new real-time synchronization method for dual single-shot samplers in time-domain measurements. The technique accurately determined polyvinylchloride (PVC) sample thickness and dielectric properties using transient radar signals.

Keywords:
Asynchronous-to-synchronous waveform conversionComplex permittivity and geometry of sample under testDeterminingForward solverHigh-frequencyIndependence from external triggeringMicrowave and optical signalsNarrowbandNon-destructive testingSampling oscilloscopeSingle-tone modulated signalTime-of-flightTransient radar methodologyUltrawideband signalsWaveform acquisitionWideband

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Area of Science:

  • Electrical Engineering
  • Electromagnetics
  • Measurement Science

Background:

  • Accurate time-domain measurements require precise synchronization between transmitter and receiver ports.
  • Conventional methods often rely on single-shot samplers with external triggers, limiting real-time applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel real-time synchronization method for data acquired from dual single-shot samplers.
  • To validate the effectiveness of this new synchronization algorithm through experimental testing.

Main Methods:

  • Developed and applied a novel synchronization algorithm for dual single-shot samplers.
  • Conducted experimental validation using a time-dependent, narrow-band transient radar signal (10 GHz carrier frequency).
  • Acquired data with an independent external trigger (2 MHz sinusoidal signal).

Main Results:

  • Successfully synchronized data from dual single-shot samplers in real time.
  • Determined the complex relative dielectric permittivity of a 5-cm PVC sample as (2.55 ± 0.02) - (0.23 ± 0.01)j.
  • Calculated PVC thickness using the determined dielectric properties, initially yielding 5.29 ± 0.13 cm.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed synchronization method reliably measures dielectric properties and thickness of materials like PVC.
  • Refinement of the effective angle further enhanced measurement accuracy, achieving a thickness of 4.83 ± 0.11 cm.
  • Reduced the relative error in thickness measurement from 5.8% to 3.4%.