Broadening the lens: A review of multi-object tracking task and its use in cognitive training

The Multiple Object Tracking (MOT) task, recognized for its reliance on attentional control and dynamic visual processing, is a key activity in computerized Cognitive Training (CT). However, the mechanisms driving MOT-based CT and its transfer effects-both near transfer (gains in similar tasks) and far transfer (improvements in unrelated domains)-remain incompletely understood. This narrative review synthesizes existing research on how adjustable MOT parameters, such as target number, object speed, tracking duration, and perceptual features, influence performance and transfer outcomes across populations. This narrative review aims to (1) identify the cognitive functions engaged by various MOT parameters, (2) determine which adaptations lead to performance gains, and (3) assess how MOT improvements translate into near and far transfer effects, with a focus on real-world applications. MOT involves divided and sustained attention, foveal and peripheral vision, and inhibitory control, interacting with working memory and executive functions, which encompass high-level cognitive processes such as planning, inhibition, and cognitive flexibility. While speed thresholds and target counts are commonly adjusted, the broader impact of variables like tracking duration remains understudied. Near transfer effects from MOT training consistently enhance attention-related tasks, while far transfer results vary. Some studies suggest that prolonged MOT training improves visuospatial working memory and executive functions, particularly with longer tracking durations. However, inconsistencies across studies highlight how task design and population characteristics influence outcomes. Despite limited research on ecological validity, previous studies have highlighted benefits for dual-task performance, particularly in cognitive-motor coordination in sports (Fleddermann et al., 2019; Pothier et al., 2015). This narrative review underscores MOT-based training's potential but calls for more rigorous evaluation of transfer effects and real-world applicability.