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Related Concept Videos

Factors Influencing Heart Rate01:30

Factors Influencing Heart Rate

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The heart rate, or pulse rate, is a vital indicator of cardiovascular health. It reflects the number of times the heart beats per minute. Various physiological and environmental factors influence heart rate, increasing or decreasing cardiac output. Understanding these factors is crucial for assessing heart function and identifying potential health issues.
Let us explore the significant factors affecting heart rate, including age, body temperature, posture, acute pain, chemical influences,...
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Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output01:19

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Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, CO ranges from 5 to 6 L/min, adjusting according to the body's metabolic requirements.
Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output
Cardiac output adapts to metabolic demands during stress, physical activity, or illness. The autonomic nervous system regulates heart rate via the sinoatrial node. The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart...
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Fetal Circulation

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Fetal circulation is a unique system that facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the developing fetus and the mother. This intricate process takes place through a special organ called the placenta.
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Regulation of Heart Rates01:31

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The regulation of heart rate is a complex process controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS), hormonal influences, and intrinsic cardiac mechanisms. The ANS has two main components: the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS).
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Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle01:25

Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle

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The electrical signals recorded on an electrocardiogram (ECG) occur before the mechanical processes of contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.
A cardiac action potential originates in the SA node and spreads throughout the atria and the AV node in approximately 0.03 seconds. This results in the P wave in an ECG and triggers atrial contraction. The action potential is then briefly slowed at the AV node, allowing the atria to contract and fill the ventricles with blood before...
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Assessment of Ventilation I: Respiratory Rate01:20

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Assessment of Ventilation
A Ventilation assessment is critical for monitoring a patient's health status. Respiration, one of the most accessible vital signs, provides insights into the function of numerous body systems and can indicate serious health issues, such as brainstem injuries from head trauma.
Critical Guidelines for Assessing Ventilation:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 15, 2025

Calculating Heart Rate Variability from ECG Data from Youth with Cerebral Palsy During Active Video Game Sessions
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Association of Heart Rate Variability with Postnatal Maturation in Preterm Infants.

Siree Kaempfen1, Carlos Sanchez2, Edgar Delgado-Eckert2,3

  • 1Department of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital Basel UKBB, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.

Neonatology
|July 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Sample entropy (SampEn) of heart rate time series reflects postnatal maturation in preterm infants, increasing with age and approaching term infant levels by discharge. However, it has limited predictive value for discharge timing.

Keywords:
Heart rateInfantMaturationNewborn

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Physiology
  • Cardiovascular Monitoring
  • Biomedical Signal Processing

Background:

  • Assessing postnatal maturation in preterm infants is crucial for predicting developmental trajectories.
  • Heart rate variability analysis, specifically sample entropy (SampEn), offers a non-invasive method to evaluate autonomic nervous system function.
  • Understanding SampEn's role in preterm infant development can inform clinical management and prognostication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if longitudinal SampEn measurements reflect postnatal maturation in preterm infants.
  • To evaluate SampEn's predictive value for hospital discharge timing at 32 weeks of postmenstrual age (PMA).
  • To compare SampEn in preterm infants at discharge with that of term-born infants.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective study included preterm infants (<32 weeks gestation) and term infant controls.
  • Heart rate was continuously monitored, and SampEn was calculated from 90-minute recordings.
  • Assessments were conducted at 32 and 36 weeks PMA for preterm infants and during the first month of life for term infants.

Main Results:

  • SampEn increased significantly in preterm infants from 32 to 36 weeks PMA (0.35 to 0.40; p < 0.01).
  • SampEn correlated positively with maturation and growth, and negatively with prematurity complications like bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
  • SampEn at 32 weeks PMA did not improve discharge prediction, and discharge SampEn did not differ between preterm and term infants.

Conclusions:

  • SampEn of heart rate time series increases with postnatal maturation in preterm infants.
  • Preterm infants reach term-like SampEn values by the time of hospital discharge.
  • While associated with complications, SampEn's prognostic value for discharge timing is limited.