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Related Concept Videos

Condensins02:15

Condensins

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Condensins are large protein complexes that use ATP to fuel the assembly of chromosomes during mitosis. They transform the tangled, shapeless mass of post-interphase DNA into individualized chromosomes by compacting, organizing, and segregating chromosomal DNA.
The plant and animal cells contain two types of condensin complexes—condensin I and condensin II. Both complexes have five subunits: two SMC (Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes) subunits, a kleisin subunit, and two HEAT-repeat...
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Chromatin Packaging01:32

Chromatin Packaging

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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base pairs of DNA. Each base pair is 0.34 nm long, meaning each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. This long DNA strand is packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10-20 microns in diameter with the help of specialized DNA-binding proteins called histones. Together they form a compact DNA-protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin is further compacted into higher-order structures. The highest level of compaction is achieved during...
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Cohesins02:20

Cohesins

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Cohesin protein complexes are a molecular glue that holds two sister chromatids together. They play an important role both in mitosis and meiosis. In mitosis, all cohesin complexes present on the chromosomes are removed before the start of the anaphase stage.
Cohesin complexes in Meiotic Division
Meiosis involves two distinct rounds of chromosomal segregation and cell divisions— Meiosis I followed by Meiosis II – producing four daughter cells. Meiosis I includes the separation of...
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Forces Acting on Chromosomes02:11

Forces Acting on Chromosomes

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During mitosis, chromosome movements occur through the interplay of multiple piconewton level forces. In prometaphase, these forces help in chromosome assembly or congression at the equatorial plane, eventually leading to their alignment at the metaphase plate. The forces acting on the chromosomes are space and time-dependent; therefore, they vary with the position of the chromosomes as the cell progresses through mitosis. 
Microtubules and motor proteins exert two types of forces on...
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Attachment of Sister Chromatids02:57

Attachment of Sister Chromatids

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As cells progress into mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the condensed chromosomes are exposed to the array of bipolar microtubules of the mitotic spindle. The kinetochore, a large, disc-shaped protein complex, is present at the centromere region of the sister chromatids and acts as a binding site for the microtubules.  Usually, the plus-end of a single microtubule is embedded within the kinetochore. However, some kinetochores first establish lateral contact with the side-wall...
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Updated: Sep 15, 2025

Associated Chromosome Trap for Identifying Long-range DNA Interactions
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Associated Chromosome Trap for Identifying Long-range DNA Interactions

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Condensin Accelerates Long-Range Intra-Chromosomal Interactions.

Fan Zou1,2, Yi Li2,3, Timothy Földes4

  • 1Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|July 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Condensin drives rapid intra-chromosomal interactions in yeast, unlike cohesin. This reveals a new role for condensin in 3D genome organization and live-cell chromatin dynamics.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Cell Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • 3D genome organization regulates gene interactions.
  • Chromosome Conformation Capture (3C) methods offer static views.
  • Live-cell chromatin dynamics are poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Measure chromosomal encounter kinetics in live yeast.
  • Investigate the role of protein complexes in genome organization.
  • Characterize the dynamics of intra- and inter-chromosomal interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Chemically Induced Chromosomal Interaction (CICI) for live-cell measurements.
  • Targeted depletion experiments to assess protein complex function.
  • Hi-C analysis for genome-wide interaction mapping.
  • Polymer simulations to model chromatin extrusion.

Main Results:

  • Chromosome motion aligns with the Rouse polymer model.
  • Long-range intra-chromosomal encounters are faster than inter-chromosomal ones.
  • Condensin, not cohesin, mediates rapid intra-chromosomal interactions.
  • Condensin extrudes chromatin at ~2 kb/s.

Conclusions:

  • Condensin plays a novel role in interphase genome organization.
  • Condensin facilitates rapid long-distance intra-chromosomal interactions.
  • Provides new insights into 3D genome dynamics and chromosomal search strategies in vivo.