Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Implicit Memories01:24

Implicit Memories

195
Implicit memories, also known as non-declarative memories, are long-term memories that function outside of conscious awareness. These memories influence behavior and skills without explicit knowledge. This type of memory is evident in tasks like playing tennis, snowboarding, and texting. Implicit memory has three subsystems: procedural memory, conditioning, and priming. This type of memory is essential in various activities, from everyday tasks to specialized skills.
One key aspect of implicit...
195
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

539
Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
539
Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

974
Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or...
974
Purposive Learning01:22

Purposive Learning

208
E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a...
208
Associative Learning01:27

Associative Learning

593
Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
Classical conditioning, also known...
593
Diencephalon: Anatomical Regions01:30

Diencephalon: Anatomical Regions

2.9K
The diencephalon, etymologically translated as 'through brain,' plays an integral role as the conduit between the cerebrum and the vast extent of the nervous system. However, the olfactory system is an exception, as it interfaces directly with the cerebrum. The diencephalon, deeply ensconced beneath the cerebrum, primarily consists of three paired structures — the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithelamus. It also includes accessory structures such as the subthalamus, which houses the...
2.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Distinct Brain Systems Support Afferent and Efferent Autonomic Activity.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

About time? The role of time perspective in the priority for positive over negative emotion in attention.

Cognition & emotion·2026
Same author

Daily Paced Breathing Sessions Induce Left Orbitofrontal Volume Changes Linked to Cognitive Outcomes.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2026
Same author

Emotional enhancement of memory in Alzheimer's disease dementia: a systematic review.

Nature. Mental health·2026
Same author

Testing effects of paced breathing on plasma Aβ and brain perivascular spaces.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2026
Same author

Effects of different slow paced breathing regimes on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) oscillations.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 15, 2025

Assessing Pupil-linked Changes in Locus Coeruleus-mediated Arousal Elicited by Trigeminal Stimulation
07:26

Assessing Pupil-linked Changes in Locus Coeruleus-mediated Arousal Elicited by Trigeminal Stimulation

Published on: November 26, 2019

8.2K

Locus coeruleus-related insula activation supports implicit learning.

Martin J Dahl1,2,3, Tiantian Li1, Mara Mather3,4,5

  • 1Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|July 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Noradrenergic locus coeruleus activity supports implicit learning and cognitive flexibility by modulating brain networks. This crucial role in adaptive behavior remains consistent across younger and older adults.

Keywords:
MRIagingattentionimplicit learninglocus coeruleusmemoryneuromodulationnoradrenalinenorepinephrinepupillometry

More Related Videos

A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation
10:42

A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation

Published on: August 18, 2014

9.1K
Reversible Cooling-induced Deactivations to Study Cortical Contributions to Obstacle Memory in the Walking Cat
09:43

Reversible Cooling-induced Deactivations to Study Cortical Contributions to Obstacle Memory in the Walking Cat

Published on: December 11, 2017

7.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 15, 2025

Assessing Pupil-linked Changes in Locus Coeruleus-mediated Arousal Elicited by Trigeminal Stimulation
07:26

Assessing Pupil-linked Changes in Locus Coeruleus-mediated Arousal Elicited by Trigeminal Stimulation

Published on: November 26, 2019

8.2K
A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation
10:42

A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation

Published on: August 18, 2014

9.1K
Reversible Cooling-induced Deactivations to Study Cortical Contributions to Obstacle Memory in the Walking Cat
09:43

Reversible Cooling-induced Deactivations to Study Cortical Contributions to Obstacle Memory in the Walking Cat

Published on: December 11, 2017

7.0K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Psychology

Background:

  • The noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) is vital for adaptive behavior, but its role in implicit learning is unclear due to assessment challenges.
  • Non-invasive methods are needed to study LC's neuromodulatory effects on learning and cognitive flexibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the noradrenergic contributions to implicit learning in novel environments using multimodal neuroimaging.
  • To examine how LC activity influences cortical dynamics and behavioral adaptation in younger and older adults.

Main Methods:

  • Combined structural MRI, pupillometry-fMRI, and PET-derived noradrenergic transporter maps.
  • Assessed implicit learning behaviorally across younger and older adults (n=77).
  • Analyzed pupil dilation, BOLD responses, and functional connectivity related to LC activity.

Main Results:

  • Expectation-violating stimuli increased pupil dilation and modulated action-mode and default-mode networks.
  • LC activity showed functional coupling with the action-mode network and anterior insula.
  • Stronger LC integrity, anterior insula activation, and pupil dilation correlated with enhanced implicit learning.
  • Noradrenergic responses and their link to learning were preserved across age groups.

Conclusions:

  • The locus coeruleus plays a pivotal role in implicit learning and cognitive flexibility through neuromodulation.
  • LC-action-mode network interactions are crucial for behavioral adaptation throughout adulthood.
  • Findings offer insights into neuromodulatory mechanisms supporting learning and cognitive flexibility.