Effect of Scaling and Root Planing on Surface Characteristics of Different Dental Implant Materials

Scaling and root planing (SRP) are non-surgical periodontal treatments used to remove plaque and calculus, essential for maintaining peri-implant health. However, the mechanical action of SRP may affect the surface characteristics of dental implant materials, potentially impacting implant osseointegration and longevity.

A total of 60 dental implant specimens were categorized into three groups based on the material composition: Group A (Titanium), Group B (Zirconia), and Group C (Polyetheretherketone - PEEK). Each group consisted of 20 specimens. All specimens underwent SRP using a stainless steel curette and ultrasonic scaler. Surface roughness (Ra) was measured before and after treatment using a profilometer. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to evaluate the surface topography changes. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA and paired t-tests, with a significance level set at P < 0.05.

The surface roughness (Ra) of all implant materials increased following SRP. Group A (Titanium) showed an increase in roughness from 0.65 μm to 0.85 μm (P < 0.01), while Group B (Zirconia) exhibited an increase from 0.55 μm to 0.70 μm (P < 0.01). Group C (PEEK) demonstrated the most significant change, with roughness increasing from 0.30 μm to 0.60 μm (P < 0.001). SEM images revealed that Group A and B implants had minor surface scratches, while Group C showed deeper grooves post-SRP. The difference in surface alteration was statistically significant between the groups (P < 0.05).

Scaling and root planing lead to increased surface roughness and topographical changes in dental implant materials, with PEEK implants being most affected. The findings suggest that while SRP is effective for peri-implant maintenance, care should be taken with material selection as surface alterations may influence implant success rates.