Evaluation of Bioengineered Scaffolds for Mandibular Defect Reconstruction: A Clinical Study

Reconstruction of mandibular defects is a complex challenge in maxillofacial surgery, requiring innovative approaches to restore functional and aesthetic outcomes. Bioengineered scaffolds represent a promising solution by mimicking the extracellular matrix and facilitating bone regeneration.

A prospective clinical study was conducted on 30 patients (18 males and 12 females, aged 25-60 years) with mandibular defects caused by trauma or pathology. Patients were treated with bioengineered scaffolds composed of hydroxyapatite and collagen, seeded with autologous mesenchymal stem cells. The scaffolds were customized for each defect using 3D printing technology. Clinical and radiographic assessments were performed at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively, evaluating parameters such as defect closure, bone regeneration, and functional restoration. Data were analyzed using paired t-tests to assess statistical significance.

At the 12-month follow-up, 87% of patients showed complete defect closure with a mean bone regeneration rate of 76% ± 8%. Functional restoration, measured by masticatory efficiency and mandibular mobility, improved by 70% ± 5% compared to preoperative levels. Complications included mild infection in 10% of cases and scaffold displacement in 7%, both managed conservatively. Radiographic analysis confirmed progressive mineralization and integration of scaffolds with native bone.

Bioengineered scaffolds demonstrate significant potential for mandibular defect reconstruction, achieving high rates of bone regeneration and functional recovery. Although minor complications were noted, the overall outcomes affirm the feasibility and efficacy of this approach, warranting further large-scale studies.